At Prettejohn's Gully, in Nakuru County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and K1a, and another carried haplogroup L3f1b.[2][3]
Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.
Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,[5] and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.[5]
E-M41
Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great Lakes and Upper Nile regions of Central-East Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur from the DRC,[5] 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema from the DRC,[5] 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia,[9] 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan,[9] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[8] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[8] and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania.[8] E-M41 has also been identified in noticeable amounts among commercial DNA testers from the Arabian Peninsula and among a few Ashkenazi Jewish males,[14] and also in a male from Lebanon.[15]
E-M54
Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa,[5] 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso,[6] 22% (4/18) of a sample of Daba from northern Cameroon,[6] 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa,[5] 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[9] 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[8] 14% of a sample of ComorianShirazi,[10] 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon,[6] 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy from Madagascar,[12] 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa,[9] 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon,[5] 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba from southern Cameroon,[5] 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa,[6] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon from Benin,[8] 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia,[5] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[8] 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,[8] 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the DRC,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa,[6] 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa,[5] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,[5] 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal,[5] 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar,[16] 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya,[5] 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali,[5] and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.[8]
It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.[6][7]
E-M98*
E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.[6]
E-M200
E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6] According to Figure 4 of Cruciani (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E-M85(xM200) Khoisan (!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.[6]
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID24166809. S2CID23291764.
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
^ abHurles Matthew E.; Sykes Bryan C.; Jobling Mark A.; Forster Peter (May 2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (894–901): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC1199379, PMID15793703
Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Bosch, Elena; Heyer, Evelyne; Sica, Lucas; Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick; van Der Veen, Lolke; Hombert, Jean-Marie; et al. (2009), "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26 (7): 1581–9, doi:10.1093/molbev/msp069, PMID19369595
Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics, 16 (3): 374–86, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934, PMID17928816
Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan; et al. (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 70 (5): 1197–214, doi:10.1086/340257, PMC447595, PMID11910562
Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (5): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC1199379, PMID15793703
Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC2336805, PMID18385274
Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74 (3): 532–44, doi:10.1086/382286, PMC1182266, PMID14973781
Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74 (5): 1023–34, doi:10.1086/386295, PMC1181965, PMID15069642
Stefflova, Klara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Pai, Athma A.; Walker, Amy H.; Zeigler-Johnson, Charnita M.; Gueye, Serigne M.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Rebbeck, Timothy R. (2009), Relethford, John (ed.), "Evaluation of Group Genetic Ancestry of Populations from Philadelphia and Dakar in the Context of Sex-Biased Admixture in the Americas", PLOS ONE, 4 (11): e7842, Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7842S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007842, PMC2776971, PMID19946364
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; Passarino, Giuseppe; Yang, Wei H.; Kauffman, Erin; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations", Nature Genetics, 26 (3): 358–61, doi:10.1038/81685, PMID11062480, S2CID12893406
Wood, Elizabeth T; Stover, Daryn A; Ehret, Christopher; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Spedini, Gabriella; McLeod, Howard; Louie, Leslie; Bamshad, Mike; et al. (2005), "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: Evidence for sex-biased demographic processes", European Journal of Human Genetics, 13 (7): 867–76, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408, PMID15856073
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685.
