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Hairy-legged vampire bat
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Phyllostomidae
Genus:	Diphylla; Spix, 1823
Species:	D. ecaudata
Binomial name
	Diphylla ecaudata; Spix, 1823
	Range map

The hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) is one of three extant species of vampire bats. It mainly feeds on the blood of wild birds, but can also feed both on domestic birds and humans.^[2] This vampire bat lives mainly in tropical and subtropical forestlands of South America, Central America, and southern Mexico. It is the sole member of the genus Diphylla.

Taxonomy and etymology

It was described by German biologist Johann Baptist von Spix in 1823. Spix first encountered the species in Brazil.^[3] Spix coined the genus name Diphylla (from Latin dis 'double' and phyllon 'leaf') and the species name ecaudata (from Latin e 'without' and caudatus 'tail').^[4]

The two recognized subspecies are:^[5]

Diphylla ecaudata centralis is found from western Panama to Mexico. A single specimen was taken in an abandoned railroad tunnel near Comstock, Val Verde County, Texas, in 1967, well outside the taxon's recognized range.
Diphylla ecaudata ecaudata is found from Brazil and eastern Peru to eastern Panama.

Description

It is similar in appearance to the common vampire bat. It differs, however, in its broad, short ears; padless, short thumb; and large, shiny eyes. It also has more teeth than the common vampire bat (26 compared to 18), with a dental formula of 2.1.1.22.1.2.2. Additionally, its brain is smaller than that of the common vampire bat, at two-thirds the size by mass. Its uropatagium is narrow and very furry; as its species name indicates, it lacks a tail. The fur on its back is dark brown, while the fur on its ventral surface is lighter in color. Its fur is soft and long. Its nose-leaf is greatly reduced in size relative to other leaf-nosed bats. It weighs 24–43 g (0.85–1.52 oz). Its head and body combined are 75–93 mm (3.0–3.7 in) long. Its forearm is 50–56 mm (2.0–2.2 in) long.^[5]

There are no lingual grooves under the tongue as in Desmodus and Diaemus (the white-winged vampire bat), but it does have a groove along the roof of the mouth which may serve as a "blood gutter".^[6]

Biology and behavior

It is thought to be polyestrous, with individuals capable of becoming pregnant throughout the year and no clearly defined breeding season.^[5] Females are capable of becoming pregnant at approximately one year of age. Pregnancy lasts a relatively long time considering the small body size of the species, at gestation length of approximately 5.5 months.^[7] Females give birth to usually only one young, called a pup. Pups are born with their eyes open and a set of deciduous teeth. There are fewer deciduous teeth than permanent teeth (20 compared to 26), with a deciduous dental formula of 2.1.2.02.1.2.0^[5] Females who have lost their pups will continue to lactate, and females have been observed nursing the young of unrelated females. Pups will fledge at approximately 57 days old, though they will continue to nurse and seek regurgitated blood from their mothers long after that, up until approximately 223 days of age.^[7]

It is nocturnal, and roosts in sheltered areas during the day. Caves and mines are preferred roosts, though hollow trees may also be used.^[5] It is generally solitary, but may be found roosting in small groups of twelve or fewer individuals. Groups of up to 50 individuals have been reported, though.^[1] It will share its roosts with the common vampire bat, as well as other leaf-nosed bats.^[5] It was originally described to have a diploid karyotype of 28 chromosomes, but it actually has 32.^[5]^[8]

It is sanguivorous, feeding on the blood of vertebrates. It was formerly believed to feed exclusively on birds.^[5]^[9] However, it has since been documented that it will feed on the blood of mammals, including humans^[2] and cattle.^[1] Previously thought to have not been a vector species for rabies due to exclusively feeding on bird blood, it is now a possibility that it can transmit rabies while feeding on cattle, like the common vampire bat.^[2] It also shares its food with other individuals via regurgitation, mouth to mouth.^[10]

Range and habitat

It has a wide geographic range, occurring throughout Central and South America. It has been documented in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. A single individual was once documented in southern Texas in the United States. This individual, a female found close to Comstock, Texas in 1967, was in an abandoned railroad tunnel. The individual was approximately 700 km (430 mi) north of the previous documented extent of the species's range.^[5] Its altitudinal range is 0–1,900 m (0–6,234 ft).^[1]

Conservation

It is currently evaluated as least-concern species by the IUCN—the lowest conservation priority. It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a large range, tolerates a variety of habitats, and its population is thought to be stable.^[1]

It can be maintained in captivity by allowing them access to live hens.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sampaio, E.; Lim, B.; Peters, S. (2016). "Diphylla ecaudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6628A22040157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6628A22040157.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ito, Fernanda; Bernard, Enrico; Torres, Rodrigo A. (2016-11-22). "What is for Dinner? First Report of Human Blood in the Diet of the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (2): 509–515. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.017. ISSN 1508-1109. S2CID 88845021.
^ Spix, J. DE. (1823). Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Munich: F.S. Hübschmann. p. 68.
^ Klimpel, S.; Mehlhorn, H. (2016). Bats (Chiroptera) as vectors of diseases and parasites. Springer-Verlag Berlin An. p. 159.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Greenhall, A. M.; Schmidt, U.; Joermann, G. (1984). "Diphylla ecaudata" (PDF). Mammalian Species (227): 1–3. doi:10.2307/3504022. JSTOR 3504022.
^ Greenhall, A.M.; Schmidt, U. (1988). Natural History of Vampire Bats. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-0-8493-6750-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Delpietro, H. A.; Russo, R. G. (2002). "Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 67 (2): 65–78. doi:10.1078/1616-5047-00011.
^ Sotero-Caio, C.G.; Pieczarka, J.C.; Nagamachi, C.Y.; Gomes, A.J.B; Lira, T.C.; O'Brien, P.C.M; Ferguson-Smith, M.A.; Souza, M.J.; Santos, N. (2010). "Chromosomal Homologies among Vampire Bats Revealed by Chromosome Painting (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera)". Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University.
^ Mayen, F. (4 August 2003). "Haematophagous Bats in Brazil, Their Role in Rabies Transmission, Impact on Public Health, Livestock Industry and Alternatives to an Indiscriminate Reduction of Bat Population" (PDF). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 50 (10): 469–472. doi:10.1046/J.1439-0450.2003.00713.X. PMID 14720182. S2CID 22884315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ Elizalde-Arellano, C; López-Vidal, JC; Arroyo-Cabrales, J; Medellín, RA; Laundré, JW (2007). "Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata". Acta Chiropterologica. 9 (1): 314–319. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2007)9[314:FSBITH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84108199.