Grimstad

This article is about the municipality in Norway. For other uses, see Grimstad (disambiguation).
Grimstad Municipality
Grimstad kommune
Municipality
View of Grimstad harbour
View of Grimstad harbour
Coat of arms of Grimstad Municipality
Coat of arms
Agder within Norway
Agder within Norway
Grimstad within Agder
Grimstad within Agder
Coordinates: 58°20′00″N 08°36′00″E / 58.33333°N 8.60000°E / 58.33333; 8.60000
CountryNorway
CountyAgder
DistrictSørlandet
Established1 Jan 1838
 • Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Administrative centreGrimstad
Government
 • Mayor (2015)Beate Skretting (H)
Area
 • Total
303.60 km2 (117.22 sq mi)
 • Land272.37 km2 (105.16 sq mi)
 • Water31.23 km2 (12.06 sq mi)  10.3%
 • Rank#264 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total
24,587
 • Rank#50 in Norway
 • Density90.3/km2 (234/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase +13.9%
DemonymsGrimstadmann (m)
Grimstadkvinne (f)
Grimstadfolk[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formBokmål
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4202[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

Grimstad (pronounced [ˈɡrɪ̀mstɑ] ⓘ) is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet. The administrative center of the municipality is the town of Grimstad. Some of the villages in Grimstad include Eide, Espenes, Fevik, Fjære, Håbbestad, Hesnes, Homborsund, Jortveit, Kroken, Landvik, Nygrenda, Prestegårdskogen, Reddal, Roresand, Rønnes, Skiftenes, Tjore, Vik, and Østerhus.

The municipality is centered around the little maritime town of Grimstad which is surrounded by many small islands (Skjærgård). There is a harbor, a main street, a small market square, Grimstad Church, and a museum dedicated to the early life of Henrik Ibsen, who served as an apprentice to Grimstad's local pharmacist Reimann, from 1844 to 1847, before leaving Grimstad in 1850. Ibsen's intimate knowledge of the local people and surroundings can be seen in his poem Terje Vigen.[4] The majority of the inhabitants live in and around the town, while the rest of the municipality is rural and heavily forested.

The 304-square-kilometre (117 sq mi) municipality is the 264th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Grimstad is the 50th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 24,587. The municipality's population density is 90.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (234/sq mi) and its population has increased by 13.9% over the previous 10-year period.[5][6]

General information

Map of the merged areas in 1971 that formed present-day Grimstad
View of the city centre
Grimstad Church
The narrow main pedestrian street Storgata in the city center.

The town of Grimstad was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1878, part of the neighboring municipality of Fjære (population: 948) was transferred to Grimstad. Again, on 1 January 1960, another part of Fjære (pop: 344) was transferred to Grimstad. On 1 January 1971, the rural municipalities of Fjære (pop: 6,189) and Landvik (pop: 2,781) were merged with the town of Grimstad (pop: 2,794) to form a significantly larger municipality of Grimstad with a total population of 11,764 at the time of the merger.[7]

Name

The municipality is named after the historic town of Grimstad (Old Norse: Grómstǫð). The first element is the name of after the old Grøm farm. The farm name is the combination of two items. First, the old local river name Gróa which comes from the word gróa which means "to grow" and the second part is heimr which means "home" or "abode". The last element of the name is stǫð which means "landing place" or "harbour". The town's name was originally spelled Grømstad, when Norway was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway. At some point, the spelling of the name was misunderstood and became spelled as "Grimstad" during the registration of Norwegian cities and small places.[8][9]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was granted in 1899 and was based upon a seal of the city dating back to 1847. The blazon is "Azure, a brig above three barrulets wavy Or". This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a two-masted brig, a type of sailing ship, on top of three wavy lines which symblize the ocean. The charge has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it is made out of metal, then gold is used. The arms usually have a mural crown above the shield. The design was chosen as a symbol for the importance of fishing and shipping.[8][10][11]

Churches

The Church of Norway has four parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Grimstad. It is part of the Vest-Nedenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Grimstad
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Eide Eide Church Eide 1795
Fjære Fevik Church Fevik 1976
Fjære Church Fjære c. 1150
Grimstad Grimstad Church Grimstad 1881
Landvik Landvik Church Roresand 1825
Østerhus Church Østerhus 1980

History

Grimstad lies within the boundaries of the ancient parish of Fjære. It is reportedly first mentioned as a harbor in the 16th century. Eight years after he was deposed, Christian II of Denmark–Norway (1513–1523) attempted to recover his kingdoms. A tempest scattered his fleet off the Norwegian coast, and on 24 October 1531, they took refuge at Grimstad. On 1 July 1532, he surrendered to his rival, King Frederick I of Denmark, in exchange for a promise of safe conduct. King Frederick failed to honor his promise and imprisoned Christian until he died.[12]

An inn is recorded at Grimstad as early as 1607. In 1622, Grimstad became a recognized harbor under the town of Arendal. By 1747, Grimstad was identified as a sailing community and a recognized haunt of smugglers. During the Napoleonic Wars, the British Royal Navy blockaded Grimstad; on 16 March 1811, the British frigate Venus entered Grimstad's harbour to capture four Dano-Norwegian merchantmen sheltering there. Royal Marines from Venus captured the sloop Frau Maria but were eventually forced to abandoned her and row back to Venus.

John Frederik Classen, who owned the Frolands Værk (an ironworks), obtained concessions to export and import through Grimstad and bypass Arendal with its customs dues. Grimstad was awarded market town status in 1816. The Nørholm farm in Grimstad was the home of Knut Hamsun in the early 20th century.

Government

Grimstad Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[13] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Grimstad is made up of 35 representatives that are elected to four-year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Grimstad kommunestyre 2023–2027 [14]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Industry and Business Party (Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) 2
  The Conservatives (Konservativt) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Red Party (Rødt) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:35
Grimstad kommunestyre 2019–2023 [15]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Red Party (Rødt) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:35
Grimstad kommunestyre 2015–2019 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:35
Grimstad kommunestyre 2011–2015 [17]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
Total number of members:35
Grimstad kommunestyre 2007–2011 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:35
Grimstad kommunestyre 2003–2007 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:35
Grimstad kommunestyre 1999–2003 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 15
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1995–1999 [18]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 10
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1991–1995 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1987–1991 [20]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 12
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 12
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Joint list of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and
Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)		 3
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1983–1987 [21]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 12
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 14
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1979–1983 [22]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 15
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 11
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1975–1979 [23]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 12
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 12
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 12
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:45
Grimstad kommunestyre 1971–1975 [24]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 17
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:45
Grimstad bystyre 1967–1971 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Grimstad bystyre 1963–1967 [26]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
Total number of members:21
Grimstad bystyre 1959–1963 [27]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Grimstad bystyre 1955–1959 [28]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Grimstad bystyre 1951–1955 [29]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:20
Grimstad bystyre 1947–1951 [30]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:20
Grimstad bystyre 1945–1947 [31]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Joint list of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and the Radical People's Party (Radikale Folkepartiet) 1
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 6
Total number of members:20
Grimstad bystyre 1937–1941* [32]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 8
Total number of members:20
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Grimstad bystyre 1934–1937 [33]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3
  Temperance Party (Avholdspartiet) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 10
Total number of members:20

Mayors

The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Grimstad:[34]

  • 1838-1841: Bendix Ebbell
  • 1841-1842: Christian Fredrik Bonnevie
  • 1843-1843: Christian Holst
  • 1844-1844: Mathias Gundersen
  • 1845-1845: Christian Holst
  • 1846-1846: Mathias Gundersen
  • 1847-1848: Axel Christian Pharo
  • 1848-1849: J.C. Falsen
  • 1849-1850: Fredrik Crawfurd
  • 1851-1851: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1852-1852: C. Crawfurd
  • 1853-1853: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1854-1854: Christian Holst
  • 1855-1855: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1856-1856: H. Frisak
  • 1856-1857: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1857-1857: M.S. Tveten
  • 1858-1859: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1859-1859: M.S. Tveten
  • 1860-1860: H. Frisak
  • 1860-1862: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1863-1864: H. Frisak
  • 1865-1866: Henning J. Bie
  • 1867-1867: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1867-1867: A. Frivold
  • 1868-1868: Morten Smith Petersen
  • 1868-1872: H. Frisak
  • 1873-1874: Fr. Crawfurd
  • 1875-1878: H. Frisak
  • 1879-1901: Fr. Smith Petersen
  • 1902-1907: Bernt Einersen
  • 1908-1910: Peter Berg
  • 1911-1914: Bernt Einersen
  • 1915-1916: Hans P. Hansen
  • 1917-1917: Alfred Johnsen
  • 1918-1919: J.A. Gundersen
  • 1920-1920: Daniel Gundersen (H)
  • 1921-1922: O.T. Tønnevold (H)
  • 1923-1925: P.B. Einersen (H)
  • 1926-1928: Daniel Gundersen (H)
  • 1929-1931: P.B. Einersen (H)
  • 1932-1934: Carsten Assev (H)
  • 1935-1936: Thomas O. Tønnevold (H)
  • 1937-1937: M. Fuhr (H)
  • 1938-1938: G.E. Gundersen
  • 1939-1945: M. Fuhr (H)
  • 1945-1945: G.E. Gundersen
  • 1945-1945: L.B. Smith
  • 1946-1947: Trygve Skretting (H)
  • 1948-1948: G.E. Gundersen
  • 1949-1949: Trygve Skretting (H)
  • 1950-1950: G.E. Gundersen
  • 1951-1961: Trygve Skretting (H)
  • 1962-1963: H. Stifoss Hanssen
  • 1964-1970: Trygve Skretting (H)
  • 1970–1971: Johan Jørgen Ugland (H)
  • 1972–1975: Gudmund Hytten (H)
  • 1976–1977: Trygve Skretting (H)
  • 1978–1981: Reidar Aslaksen (KrF)
  • 1982–1983: Gunnar Edvard Gundersen (H)
  • 1984–1985: Reidar Aslaksen (KrF)
  • 1986–1987: Hallstein Gauslaa (H)
  • 1988–1989: Jon Sørland (KrF)
  • 1990–1991: Bent Sætra (H)
  • 1992–1995: Oddvar Skaiaa (KrF)
  • 1995–2003: Per Svenningsen (Ap)
  • 2003–2007: Svein Harberg (H)
  • 2007–2015: Hans Antonsen (V)
  • 2015–2019: Kjetil Glimsdal (KrF)
  • 2019–present: Beate Skretting (H)

Education

Grimstad is home to Drottningborg, a private Lutheran boarding preparatory school. It is also the location of the Bibelskolen in Grimstad (BiG), a private Lutheran bible school. The University of Agder has its faculty of engineering seated here. A student dorm called "Grøm" is also in Grimstad.

Geography

Grimstad is a coastal municipality in Agder county bordering on the Skagerrak. The municipality is bordered by Arendal in the east, Froland and Birkenes in the north, and Lillesand in the west. The lakes Syndle and Rore are found in the northern part of the municipality. Landviksvannet and Reddalsvannet lakes are found in the southern part of the municipality, near Reddal. The rivers Nidelva and Tovdalselva run through parts of the municipality. The Rivingen Lighthouse and Homborsund Lighthouse both sit on small islands just off the coast.

Panorama of Grimstad harbour.
Panorama of Grimstad from Binabben look-out point.

Climate

Grimstad has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb, marine west coast), with autumn and early winter as the wettest season and April - July as the driest season. The all-time high temperature 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) was 11 August 1975; the all-time low is −30.3 °C (−22.5 °F) recorded 8 February 1966. The March record high 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) recorded 27 March 2012 was new national heat record for March. Most of the record lows are old; 8 of 12 record lows from before 1970 (November 2021). In February and March 1970 a snow depth of 172 centimetres (68 in) was recorded at Landvik. In recent times, snow usually melts fast along the coast, but the right weather setup can sometimes give large snowfalls. The weather station in Landvik, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) inland from the town of Grimstad, has been recording since 1957.

Climate data for Landvik 1991-2020 (6 m, extremes 1957-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.2
(75.6) 		27.7
(81.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		32.2
(90.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8
(46) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		7.8
(46.1)
Record low °C (°F) −27.5
(−17.5) 		−30.3
(−22.5) 		−23.2
(−9.8) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0
(32) 		3.5
(38.3) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−23.1
(−9.6) 		−24
(−11) 		−30.3
(−22.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 142
(5.6) 		95
(3.7) 		91
(3.6) 		68
(2.7) 		80
(3.1) 		88
(3.5) 		90
(3.5) 		126
(5.0) 		137
(5.4) 		176
(6.9) 		170
(6.7) 		147
(5.8) 		1,410
(55.5)
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute/yr.no[35]
Source 2: eklima/met.no database[36]

Attractions

The Maritime Museum, the comprehensive City Museum and the Norwegian Horticultural Museum, are all popular among tourists, as are the wealth of exhibitions and concerts that the town hosts. The town is also a popular destination for summer vacationers, and supports a robust shopping milieu during the Christmas season.

During summer, Grimstad plays host to the Norwegian Short Film Festival, which attracts film enthusiasts from far and near. Another popular attraction is the Agder Teater at Fjæreheia, an open-air stage located in a disused stone quarry.[37] Shopping is also available in Oddensenteret along the harbour. (The view from Oddensenteret is seen in the panorama photo above.)

The Homborsund lighthouse is located within the municipality. Grimstad is also home to the Nøgne Ø brewery.

Sports

The 1997 World Orienteering Championships were held in Grimstad.[38] The FK Jerv is the most important football club, and plays for first time at the top division in 2022.

Notable people

Main category: People from Grimstad
Roald Dahl, 1954

The Arts

Public service & public thinking

Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, 2011

Sport

Dag Otto Lauritzen, 2014

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Grimstad is twinned with:[41]

References

  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Welle-Strand, Erling (1996). Adventure Roads in Norway. Nortrabooks. ISBN 82-90103-71-9.
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  7. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  8. ^ a b Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (2 November 2017). "Grimstad". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  9. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1905). Norske gaardnavne: Nedenes amt (in Norwegian) (8 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 115.
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