The GNU C Library, commonly known as glibc, is the GNU Project implementation of the C standard library. It provides a wrapper around the system calls of the Linux kernel and other kernels for application use. Despite its name, it now also directly supports C++ (and, indirectly, other programming languages). It was started in the 1980s by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU operating system.
Improved C++11 support. Support for Intel TSX lock elision. Support for the Xilinx MicroBlaze and IBM POWER8 microarchitectures.
2.19
February 2014
SystemTap probes for malloc. GNU Indirect Function (IFUNC) support for ppc32 and ppc64. New feature test macro _DEFAULT_SOURCE to replace _SVID_SOURCE and _BSD_SOURCE. Preliminary safety documentation for all functions in the manual. ABI change in ucontext and jmp_buf for s390/s390x.
build and install all locales as directories with files
optimized trigonomical functions
Transactional Lock Elision for powercp64le ABI
posix_spawn_file_actions_addchdir_np and posix_spawn_file_actions_addfchdir_np
popen and system do not run atfork handlers anymore
support for the C-SKY ABIV2 running on Linux
strftime's default formatting of a locale's alternative year; the '_' and '-' flags can now be applied to its "%EY"[7]
2.30
August 2019
Unicode 12.1.0, the dynamic linker accepts the --preload argument to preload shared objects, the gettid function has been added on Linux, Minguo (Republic of China) calendar support, new Japanese era added to ja_JP locale, memory allocation functions fail with total object size larger than PTRDIFF_MAX; CVE-2019-7309 and CVE-2019-9169 fixed[8]
The strlcpy and strlcat functions added. libmvec support for ARM64.
2.39
January 2024
The stdbit.h header has been added from ISO C2X. Support for shadow stacks on x86_64, new security features, and the removal of libcrypt.
2.40
July 2024
Partial support for the ISO C23 standard, a new tunable for the testing of setuid programs, improved 64-bit ARM vector support.
The glibc project was initially written mostly by Roland McGrath, working for the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in the summer of 1987 as a teenager.[10][11] In February 1988, FSF described glibc as having nearly completed the functionality required by ANSI C.[12] By 1992, it had the ANSI C-1989 and POSIX.1-1990 functions implemented and work was under way on POSIX.2.[13] In September 1995 Ulrich Drepper made his first contribution to the glibc and by 1997 most commits were made by him. Drepper held the maintainership position for many years and until 2012 accumulated 63% of all commits to the project.[14]
In May 2009 glibc was migrated to a Git repository.[14]
In 2010, a licensing issue was resolved which was caused by the Sun RPC implementation in glibc that was not GPL compatible. It was fixed by re-licensing the Sun RPC components under the BSD license.[15][16]
In 2014, glibc suffered from an ABI breakage bug on s390.[17]
In July 2017, 30 years after he started glibc, Roland McGrath announced his departure, "declaring myself maintainer emeritus and withdrawing from direct involvement in the project. These past several months, if not the last few years, have proven that you don't need me anymore".[10]
In 2018, maintainer Raymond Nicholson removed a joke about abortion from the glibc source code. It was restored later by Alexandre Oliva after Richard Stallman demanded to have it returned.[18]
In 1994, the developers of the Linux kernelforked glibc. Their fork, "Linux libc", was maintained separately until around 1998. Because the copyright attribution was insufficient, changes could not be merged back to the GNU Libc.[20] When the FSF released glibc 2.0 in January 1997, the kernel developers discontinued Linux libc due to glibc 2.0's superior compliance with POSIX standards.[21] glibc 2.0 also had better internationalisation and more in-depth translation, IPv6 capability, 64-bit data access, facilities for multithreaded applications, future version compatibility, and the code was more portable.[22] The last-used version of Linux libc used the internal name (soname) libc.so.5. Following on from this, glibc 2.x on Linux uses the soname libc.so.6[23][better source needed]
In 2009, Debian and a number of derivatives switched from glibc to the variant[25] eglibc.[26] Eglibc was supported by a consortium consisting of Freescale, MIPS, MontaVista and Wind River.[27] It contained changes that made it more suitable for embedded usage and had added support for architectures that were not supported by glibc, such as the PowerPC e500. The code of eglibc was merged back into glibc at version 2.20.[28] Since 2014, eglibc is discontinued. The Yocto Project and Debian also moved back to glibc since the release of Debian Jessie.[29]
Steering committee
Starting in 2001 the library's development had been overseen by a committee,[30] with Ulrich Drepper[31] kept as the lead contributor and maintainer. The steering committee installation was surrounded by a public controversy, as it was openly described by Ulrich Drepper as a failed hostile takeover maneuver by Richard Stallman.[32][33][34][35]
In March 2012, the steering committee voted to disband itself and remove Drepper in favor of a community-driven development process, with Ryan Arnold, Maxim Kuvyrkov, Joseph Myers, Carlos O'Donell, and Alexandre Oliva holding the responsibility of GNU maintainership (but no extra decision-making power).[36][37][38]
glibc has been criticized as being "bloated" and slower than other libraries in the past, e.g. by Linus Torvalds[42] and embedded Linux programmers. For this reason, several alternative C standard libraries have been created which emphasize a smaller footprint. However, many small-device projects use GNU libc over the smaller alternatives because of its application support, standards compliance, and completeness. Examples include Openmoko[43] and Familiar Linux for iPaq handhelds (when using the GPE display software).[44]
Secure string functions
glibc does not implement bounds-checking interfaces defined in C11 and did not implement strlcpy and strlcat[45][46] until 2023 on the grounds that "in practice these functions can cause trouble, as their intended use encourages silent data truncation, adds complexity and inefficiency, and does not prevent all buffer overruns in the destinations."[47] The FAQ pointed out that the bounds-checking interfaces were optional in the ISO standard and that snprintf was available as an alternative.[47]
Compatibility layers
There are compatibility layers ("shims") to allow programs written for other ecosystems to run on glibc interface offering systems. These include libhybris, a compatibility layer for Android'sBionic, and Wine, which can be seen as a compatibility layer from Windows APIs to glibc and other native APIs available on Unix-like systems.
^"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 4, February, 1988". Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2014. Most libraries are done. Roland McGrath [...] has a nearly complete set of ANSI C library functions. We hope they will be ready some time this spring.
^"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 12". Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2014. It now contains all of the ANSI C-1989 and POSIX.1-1990 functions, and work is in progress on POSIX.2 and Unix functions (BSD and System V)
^ abCorbet, Jonathan (28 March 2012). "A turning point for GNU libc". LWN.net. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2012. Of the nearly 19,000 commits found in the project's git repository (which contains changes back to 1995), over 12,000 were made by Ulrich.
^"Forking: it could even happen to you". 24 October 2000. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. the split between GNU LIBC and the Linux LIBC -- it went on for years while Linux stabilized, and then the forks re-merged into one project
^Moen, Rick (20 May 2021) [14 Nov 1999]. "Fear of Forking essay". linuxmafia.com. 6. glibc --> Linux libc --> glibc. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023.
^"glibc homepage". Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2014. In 2001 The GNU C Library Steering Committee ..., was formed and currently consists of Mark Brown, Paul Eggert, Andreas Jaeger, Jakub Jelinek, Roland McGrath and Andreas Schwab.
^"Ulrich Drepper". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^Drepper, Ulrich (26 June 2000). "RMS is at it again". sourceware.org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2015. A few weeks ago RMS started the next attack on me (a single mail, followed by indirect tries to take influence, followed by another mail today). The essence is that he complains I am not following "GNU policies" and therefore have to be replaced by a steering committee of which I could be a part. Some of you (namely Roland and Andreas S.) probably know about this since he proposed both as other members of the committee. In addition there was Mark Brown listed (I know somebody of this name at IBM who would also fit in this group but I'm not sure whether it is really him.) Anyhow, I completely reject this. It is not helping at all, the opposite is true. First, I am not aware of any essential policies I'm violating. The only ones are that I'm not following orders from RMS which clearly have political intends (which is of course a sacrilege) and possibly that I do not care about Winblowz (if the latter counts at all). None of this will change in any way.
^Drepper, Ulrich (15 August 2001). "glibc 2.2.4". sourceware.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015. And now for some not so nice things. Stallman recently tried what I would call a hostile takeover of the glibc development. He tried to conspire behind my back and persuade the other main developers to take control so that in the end he is in control and can dictate whatever pleases him. This attempt failed but he kept on pressuring people everywhere and it got really ugly. In the end I agreed to the creation of a so-called "steering committee" (SC).
^"Haiku Source". GitHub. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014. libroot.so is not part of GNU project and is included in Haiku source code.
^"OpenMoko components". Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2008. We will use glibc (not uClibC) ... The alternatives may save more space and be more optimized, but are more likely to give us integration headaches
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