Gallium halides

There are three sets of gallium halides, the trihalides where gallium has oxidation state +3, the intermediate halides containing gallium in oxidation states +1, +2 and +3 and some unstable monohalides, where gallium has oxidation state +1.

Trihalides

All four trihalides are known. They all contain gallium in the +3 oxidation state. Their proper names are gallium(III) fluoride, gallium(III) chloride, gallium(III) bromide and gallium(III) iodide.

GaF3
GaF3 is a white solid which sublimes before it melts, with an estimated melting point above 1000 °C.[contradictory] It contains 6 co-ordinate gallium atoms with a three-dimensional network of GaF6 octahedra sharing common corners.
GaCl3, GaBr3 and GaI3
These all have lower melting points than GaF3, (GaCl3 mp 78 °C, GaBr3 mp 122 °C, GaI3 mp 212 °C) reflecting the fact that their structures all contain dimers with 4 coordinate gallium atoms and 2 bridging halogen atoms. Thus, this halides have molecular formula Ga2Cl6, Ga2Br6, Ga2I6, respectively. They are all Lewis acids, forming mainly 4 co-ordinate adducts. GaCl3 is the most commonly used trihalide.

Intermediate halides

Intermediate chlorides, bromides and iodides exist. They contain gallium in oxidation states +1, +2 and +3.

Ga3Cl7
This compound contains the Ga2Cl7 ion, which has a structure similar to the dichromate, Cr2O72−, ion with two tetrahedrally coordinated gallium atoms sharing a corner. The compound can be formulated as gallium(I) heptachlorodigallate(III), GaI GaIII2Cl7.[1]
Unit cell of Ga3Cl7 Part of crystal structure of Ga3Cl7 Unit cell of Ga3Cl7
unit cell of Ga3Cl7 part of the crystal structure structure of [Ga2Cl7]
GaCl2, GaBr2 and GaI2
These are the best known and most studied intermediate halides. They contain gallium in oxidation states +1 and +3 and are formulated GaIGaIIIX4. The dihalides are unstable in the presence of water disproportionating to gallium metal and gallium(III) entities. They are soluble in aromatic solvents, where arene complexes have been isolated and the arene is η6 coordinated to the Ga+ ion. With some ligands, L, e.g. dioxane, a neutral complex, Ga2X2L2, with a gallium-gallium bond is produced. These compounds have been used as a route into gallium chain and cluster compounds.[2]
Ga2Br3 and Ga2I3
These are formulated GaI2 GaII2Br6 and GaI2 GaII2I6 respectively. Both anions contain a gallium-gallium bond where gallium has a formal oxidation state of +2. The Ga2Br62− anion is eclipsed like the In2Br62− anion in In2Br3 whereas the Ga2I62− anion is isostructural with Si2Cl6 with a staggered conformation.

Monohalides

None of the monohalides are stable at room temperature. The previously reported GaBr and GaI produced from fusing gallium with the trihalide have been shown to be mixtures of metallic gallium with, respectively, Ga2Br3 and Ga2I3.

GaCl and GaBr
GaCl and GaBr have been produced in the gas form from the reaction of HX and molten gallium using a special reactor. They have been isolated by quenching the high temperature gas at 77 K. GaCl is reported as a red solid that disproportionates above 0 °C. Both GaCl and GaBr produced in this way can be stabilised in suitable solvents. The metastable solutions formed in this way have been used as precursors to numerous gallium cluster compounds.
In the HVPE production of GaN, GaCl is produced by passing HCl gas over molten gallium which is then reacted with NH3 gas.[3]
GaI
GaI is produced as a reactive green powder, which has been hailed as a "versatile reagent for the synthetic chemist".[4] The chemical structure of the reagent termed Solid "GaI" Precursor [citation needed] produced from reacting gallium metal with iodine in toluene using ultrasound has only recently been investigated using 69/71Ga solid-state NMR and a tentative structure assigned which includes gallium metal atoms, [Ga0]2[Ga]+[GaI4].[5]

Anionic halide complexes

Salts containing GaCl4, GaBr4 and GaI4 are all known. Gallium is very different from indium in that it is only known to form 6 coordinate complexes with the fluoride ion. This can be rationalised by the smaller size of gallium (ionic radii of Ga(III) 62 pm, In(III) 80 pm).

Salts containing the Ga2Cl62− anion, where gallium has an oxidation state of +2, are known.

General references

  1. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  2. Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5

Footnotes

  1. ^ Die Kristallstruktur von Ga3Cl7 Frank W., Hönle W., Simon A., Z. Naturforsch. Teil B (1990) 45B 1
  2. ^ G.Garton; H.M.Powell (1956). "The crystal structure of gallium dichloride". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 4 (2): 84–89. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(57)80088-8.
  3. ^ T.F. Kuech; Shulin Gu; Ramchandra Wate; Ling Zhang; Jingxi Sun; J.A. Dumesic; J.M. Redwing (2000). "The Chemistry of GaN Growth". MRS Online Proceedings Library. 639. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1557/PROC-639-G1.1.
  4. ^ Baker R.J., Jones C. Dalton Trans. 2005 Apr 21;(8):1341-8
  5. ^ Widdifield, Cory M.; Jurca, Titel; Richeson, Darrin S.; Bryce, David L. (2012). "Using 69/71Ga solid-state NMR and 127I NQR as probes to elucidate the composition of "GaI"". Polyhedron. 35 (1): 96–100. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.003. ISSN 0277-5387.

Read other articles:

Jalur Bandar Udara SendaiTerminus Bandar Udara Sendai dengan KRL Seri JR E721-500 (kiri) dan SAT721 (kanan) di peronIkhtisarNama asli仙台空港線LokasiPrefektur MiyagiTerminusStasiun NatoriStasiun Bandar Udara SendaiStasiun4OperasiPemilik Sendai Airport TransitData teknisPanjang lintas7,1 km (4,4 mi)Jenis relJalur rel tunggalLebar sepur1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Elektrifikasi20,000 V ACJalur Bandar Udara Sendai (仙台空港アクセス線code: ja is deprecated , Sen...

 

Ada banyak permasalahan matematika yang telah dinyatakan tetapi belum ada yang terpecahkan. Masalah tersebut berasal dari cabang-cabang matematika seperti fisika, ilmu komputer, aljabar, analisis, kombinatorika, geometri aljabar, geometri diferensial, geometri diskret, geometri Euklides, teori graf, teori grup, teori model, teori bilangan, teori himpunan, teori Ramsey, sistem dinamika, dan persamaan diferensial parsial. Beberapa masalah dapat dikelompokkan dan dipelajari dalam banyak bidang i...

 

Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Setembro de 2020) C-Tec Informação geral País BélgicaReino Unido Gênero(s) IndustrialElectro-industrialEBMTechno Período em atividade 1995 - 2000 Gravadora(s) Cyber-Tec RecordsFifth Column RecordsSPV GmbHWax Trax! Records Afiliação(ões) Front 242Cubana...

Алгетський національний парк Ялиново-букові ліси національного парку восени.Ялиново-букові ліси національного парку восени. 41°34′ пн. ш. 44°31′ сх. д. / 41.567° пн. ш. 44.517° сх. д. / 41.567; 44.517Координати: 41°34′ пн. ш. 44°31′ сх. д. / 41.56...

 

Die Kathedrale von San Salvador de Jujuy oder die Kathedralbasilika St. Salvator (spanisch Catedral Basílica de San Salvador) ist eine römisch-katholische Kirche in San Salvador de Jujuy in der Provinz Jujuy im Norden Argentiniens. Die Kathedrale des Bistums Jujuy trägt das Patrozinium Salvator mundi und den Ehrentitel einer Basilica minor.[1] Die Kirche wurde als herausragendes Werk des spanischen Kolonialstils des 18. Jahrhunderts durch das Dekret Nr. 1347 vom 16. Mai 1931 zum na...

 

2023年男排奧運資格賽2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments(英語)Pré-Olímpico de Vôlei Masculino 2023(葡萄牙語)FIVBパリ五輪予選/ワールドカップバレー2023男子大会(日語)赛事标识赛事信息主辦國家/地區 巴西(A組) 日本(B組) 中国(C組)城市里約熱內盧東京西安日期9月30日至10月8日隊伍24(來自5個大洲联合会)場館3(在3個舉辦城市)比赛场数84賽事

Ini adalah nama Mandailing, marganya adalah Nasution. Dhira BongsLahirNadhira Soraya Nasution20 Mei 1993 (umur 30)Kota Jakarta, IndonesiaNama lainDhira BongsPekerjaanpenyanyipenulis laguKarier musikGenreR&BsoulInstrumenVokal Kibord/Piano GitarTahun aktif2014 – sekarangLabelDemajors Nadhira Soraya Nasution atau yang dikenal dengan Dhira Bongs (lahir 20 Mei 1993) merupakan seorang penyanyi dan berkebangsaan Indonesia. Kehidupan awal Dhira dibesarkan dari keluarga yang menyukai m...

 

Academic journalICT ExpressDisciplineInformation and Communications TechnologyLanguageEnglishEdited byEun-Soo KimPublication detailsHistory2015–presentPublisherElsevier on behalf of The Korean Institute of Communications Information Sciences (South Korea)FrequencyQuarterlyOpen accessYesStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4ICT ExpressIndexingCODEN (alt) · JSTOR (alt) ...

 

Species of snake Three-lined kukri snake Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Genus: Oligodon Species: O. trilineatus Binomial name Oligodon trilineatus(Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) The three-lined kukri snake (Oligodon trilineatus) is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. Geographic range The snake ...

Katharina Stenbock Katharina Stenbock (* 22. Juli 1535 auf Torpa, Västergötland; † 13. Dezember 1621 auf Schloss Strömsholm, Västmanland) war von 1552 bis 1560 schwedische Königin. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Familie 2 Königin 3 Witwe 4 Literatur 5 Weblinks Familie Katharina Stenbock wurde als Tochter des Reichsrats Gustav Olofsson Stenbock (1504–1571) und seiner Frau Brita Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud (1514–1572) in Torpa südlich des heutigen Ulricehamn geboren. Der Vater war von 1540 bis ...

 

American pop punk band This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Lillingtons – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Castleknock GAA – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Castleknock Hurling and Football ClubCumann Báire agus Peile Chaisleán CnuchaFounded:1998County:DublinColours:Blue and YellowGround...

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikip...

 

Historic site in Los Angeles County, California Sierra Madre Pioneer CemeteryLocation535 E. Sierra Madre Blvd. Sierra Madre, California, USCoordinates34°09′45″N 118°02′30″W / 34.16250°N 118.04167°W / 34.16250; -118.04167Area2.19 acresBuilt1881Location of Sierra Madre Pioneer Cemetery in the Los Angeles metropolitan area Sierra Madre Pioneer Cemetery, is a cemetery and a historic landmark in Sierra Madre, California. History In 1881, Nathaniel Coburn Carter ...

 

Botanical garden in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Leach Botanical GardenConiferous Woods section of Leach Botanical Garden, 2008Leach Botanical GardenShow map of Portland, OregonLeach Botanical GardenShow map of OregonLeach Botanical GardenShow map of the United StatesTypeBotanical gardenLocationPortland, Oregon, United StatesCoordinates45°28′27″N 122°32′03″W / 45.474069°N 122.534061°W / 45.474069; -122.534061Area16-acre (6.5 ha)[1]Opened1931Websitele...

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Pasundan. Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Negara Pasundan – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Negara Pasundanᮕᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓᮔ᮪Negara bagian Republik Indonesia Serikat1948–1950 Panji daerah...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع آيت مخلوف (توضيح). آيت مخلوف تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب  الجهة سوس ماسة الإقليم شتوكة آيت باها الدائرة آيت باها الجماعة القروية تسكدلت المشيخة تاسيلا السكان التعداد السكاني 86 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)   • عدد الأسر 16 تعديل مصدري - تعديل   آيت مخلوف هو دُوَ...

 

Ра́звитые стра́ны (англ. developed countries) — группа стран, занимающих ведущее положение в мировой экономике[1]. Развитые страны называют также индустриальными странами или индустриально развитыми[2]. По данным МВФ, по состоянию на 2023 год страны с развитой экономик...

Den här artikeln har skapats av Lsjbot, ett program (en robot) för automatisk redigering. (2013-07)Artikeln kan innehålla fakta- eller språkfel, eller ett märkligt urval av fakta, källor eller bilder. Mallen kan avlägsnas efter en kontroll av innehållet (vidare information) Phryxe notataSystematikDomänEukaryoterEukaryotaRikeDjurAnimaliaStamLeddjurArthropodaUnderstamSexfotingarHexapodaKlassEgentliga insekterInsectaOrdningTvåvingarDipteraFamiljParasitflugorTachinidaeSläktePhryxeArtP...

 

Railway station in East Sussex, England Newhaven TownGeneral informationLocationNewhaven, LewesEnglandGrid referenceTQ449014Managed bySouthernPlatforms2Other informationStation codeNVNClassificationDfT category EHistoryOpened8 December 1847Pre-groupingLB&SCRPost-groupingSouthern RailwayPassengers2018/19 0.308 million2019/20 0.343 million2020/21 0.123 million2021/22 0.284 million2022/23 0.319 million NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road 313213 at Newhaven Town with a ...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!