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	The French submarine Plongeur, 1863.
History
France
Operator	French Navy
Ordered	1859
Builder	Arsenal de Rochefort
Laid down	1 June 1860
Launched	16 April 1863
Stricken	2 February 1872
General characteristics
Displacement	381 t (420 tons) in displacement
Length	45 m (146 ft)
Beam	3.7 m (12 ft)
Propulsion	Compressed air engine with 153 m3 (5,403 ft3) of compressed air at 12.5 bar (1.25 MPa, 180 psi).
Speed	4 kn (7.2 km/h)
Range	5 nmi (9 km)
Test depth	10 metres
Complement	12
Armament	Spar torpedo

Plongeur (French for "Diver") was a French submarine launched on 16 April 1863. She was the first submarine in the world to be propelled by mechanized (rather than human) power.

Captain Siméon Bourgeois, who made the plans, and naval constructor Charles Brun began working on the design in 1859 at Rochefort.

Design

Model of Plongeur at the Deutsches Museum, Munich, showing the lifeboat detached

In 1859 the Board of Construction (Conseil des travaux) called naval engineers for designs for a submarine and reviewed three, choosing that submitted by Siméon Bourgeois (later Admiral) and Charles Brun, naming the project Plongeur^[2] with the code name Q00.

The submarine used a compressed-air engine, propelled by stored compressed air powering a reciprocating engine.^[3] The air was contained in 23 tanks holding air at 12.5 bar (1.25 MPa, 180 psi), taking up a huge amount of space (153 m³/5,403 ft³), and requiring the submarine to be of unprecedented size. The engine had a power of 60 kW (80 hp), and could propel the submarine for 5 nmi (9 km), at a speed of 4 kn (7.2 km/h).

Compressed air was also used to empty its ballast tanks, which had a volume of 53 m³ (1,872 ft³). Ballast was 212 t (234 tons), including a security ballast of 34 t (37 tons).

The submarine was armed with a ram to break holes in the hull of enemy ships, and an electrically fired spar torpedo, fixed at the end of a pole,^[4] though later Admiral Bourgeois (who was, after 1871, chairman of the Commission on Submarine Defenses) opposed the use of torpedoes as the primary weapon in commerce warfare.^[5]

The submarine was 43 m (140 ft) long and 381 t (420 tons) in displacement.

A support ship, the Cachalot, followed her in order to resupply the compressed air necessary to her propulsion.

A small lifeboat (8 × 1.7 m; 26 × 5.6 ft) was provided for the escape of the 12-man complement.

Operational history

Submarine *Plongeur* under tow by *La Vigie*.

The submarine was commanded by Lieutenant de Vaisseau Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré.

On 6 October 1863, Plongeur made her first trials by sailing down the Charente River, to the harbour of the Cabane Carrée.

On 2 November 1863, Plongeur was towed to Port-des-Barques, where her first underwater trials were planned. Because of poor weather conditions, the submarine was eventually towed to La Pallice and then to the harbour (Bassin à flot) of La Rochelle

On 14 February 1864, during trials in the Bassin à flot, the engine raced due to an excessive admission of compressed air, and the submarine bumped into the quay. Trials were stopped.

On 18 February 1864, Plongeur was towed to La Pallice and dived to 9 m (30 ft).

Stability problems due to its length limited the submarine to dives to a maximum depth of 10 m (33 ft). The front of the submarine would tend to dive first, hitting the bottom, so that the submarine would glide forward. Pumps were installed to compensate for the tilt, but proved too slow to be effective. The installation of longitudinal rudders would have improved stability as later demonstrated by the submarines Gymnote and Gustave Zédé .

A model of Plongeur was displayed at the 1867 Exposition Universelle, where it was studied by Jules Verne,^[6] who used it as an inspiration^[7]^[8] for his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas.^[9]

After various experiments, she was stricken by the French Navy on 2 February 1872.

Conversion

Submarine *Plongeur* in use as a water tanker in the early 20th century.

The submarine was used as a water tanker from 1 January 1873. She was assigned to the harbour of Rochefort. In 1927, upon the closure of the arsenal at Rochefort, she was transferred to the Mediterranean at Toulon. She was decommissioned on 25 December 1935, and sold on 26 May 1937.^[10]

Notes

^ Farnham Bishop. The Story of the Submarine. p. 57.
^ Le Masson, H. (1969) Du Nautilus (1800) au Redoubtable (Histoire critique du sous-marin dans la marine française), Paris pp.55–59
^ Kohnen, W. (2009). Human exploration of the deep seas: fifty years and the inspiration continues. Marine Technology Society Journal, 43(5), 42-62.
^ Swinfield, J. (2014). Sea Devils: Pioneer Submariners. The History Press.
^ Røksund, A. (2007). The jeune ecole: the strategy of the weak. Brill.
^ Payen, J. (1989). De l'anticipation à l'innovation. Jules Verne et le problème de la locomotion mécanique.
^ Compère, D. (2006). Jules Verne: bilan d'un anniversaire. Romantisme, (1), 87-97.
^ Seelhorst, Mary (2003) 'Jules Verne. (PM People)'. In Popular Mechanics. 180.7 (July 2003): p36. Hearst Communications.
^ Notice at the Musée de la Marine, Rochefort
^ Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. p. 354. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.

Bibliography

Garier, Gérard (n.d.). L'odyssée technique et humaine du sous-marin en France [The Technical and Human Odyssey of the Submarine in France: From Plongeur (1863) to Guêpe (1904)] (in French). Vol. 1: Du Plongeur (1863) aux Guêpe (1904). Bourg-en-Bresse, France: Marines édition. ISBN 2-909675-19-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Jones, Colin (1996). "Entente Cordiale, 1865". In McLean, David & Preston, Antony (eds.). Warship 1996. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-685-X.
Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.