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	French ironclad Friedland
Class overview
Operators	French Navy
Preceded by	Océan class
Succeeded by	Richelieu
Built	1865–1877
In service	1877–1898
In commission	1877–1902
Completed	1
Scrapped	1
History
France
Name	Friedland
Namesake	Battle of Friedland
Builder	Lorient
Laid down	January 1865
Launched	25 October 1873
Completed	20 June 1877
Decommissioned	1898
Fate	Condemned 1902
General characteristics
Type	Central battery ironclad
Displacement	8,540 metric tons (8,410 long tons)
Length	101.1 m (331 ft 8 in)
Beam	17.7 m (58 ft 1 in)
Draft	8.6 m (28 ft 3 in)
Installed power	4,428 ihp (3,302 kW)
Propulsion	1 shaft, 1 Horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine; 8 oval boilers;
Sail plan	Ship rig
Speed	13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph)
Range	2,660 nautical miles (4,930 km; 3,060 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	688
Armament	8 × 1 - 274 mm (10.8 in) guns; 8 × 1 - 138 mm (5.4 in) guns;
Armor	Belt: 220 mm (8.7 in); Battery: 160 mm (6.3 in); Bulkheads: 100 mm (3.9 in);

The French ironclad Friedland was originally intended to be an iron-hulled version of Océan-class armoured frigate built for the French Navy during the 1870s, but she was much altered during her prolonged construction. Named after the French victory at the Battle of Friedland in 1807, the ship spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and supported the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881. She was condemned in 1902.

Design and description

Friedland was a central battery ironclad with the armament concentrated amidships. Like most ironclads of her era she was fitted with a plough-shaped ram.^[1]

The ship measured 101.1 meters (331 ft 8 in) overall,^[1] with a beam of 17.7 meters (58 ft 1 in). Friedland had a maximum draft of 8.6 meters (28 ft 3 in) and displaced 8,540 metric tons (8,410 long tons), some 750 metric tons (740 long tons) larger than the Ocean-class ironclads.^[2] Her crew numbered around 750 officers and men.^[1]

Five 100-millimetre (4 in) watertight bulkheads divided the hull into compartments, although they only reached up to the main deck.^[2] Friedland did not have a double bottom. The metacentric height of the ship was low, a little above 3 feet (0.9 m).^[1]

Propulsion

Friedland had one Indret 3-cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller. Its engine was powered by eight oval boilers.^[1] On sea trials the engine produced 4,428 indicated horsepower (3,302 kW) and Friedland reached 13.3 knots (24.6 km/h; 15.3 mph).^[2] She carried 630 metric tons (620 long tons) of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately 2,666 nautical miles (4,937 km; 3,068 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).^[1]^[3] Friedland was initially ship rigged with three masts, then barque-rigged and finally fore-and-aft rigged after her mainmast was removed.^[1]

Armament and armour

Two 274-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck, one gun at the forward corner of the battery, with the remaining six 274-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns on the battery deck below the barbettes. Eight 138-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns were on the upper deck, fore and aft of the barbettes, and on the battery deck.^[2]

The 18-calibre 274-millimeter (10.8 in) gun fired an armour-piercing, 476.2-pound (216.0 kg) shell while the gun itself weighed 22.84 long tons (23.21 t). The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,424 ft/s (434 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14.3 inches (360 mm) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle. The 138-millimeter (5.4 in) gun was 21 calibres long and weighed 2.63 long tons (2.67 t). It fired a 61.7-pound (28.0 kg) explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 1,529 ft/s (466 m/s). The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.^[4]

At some point the ship received 22 37-millimeter (1.5 in) Hotchkiss 5-barrel revolving guns.^[1] They fired a shell weighing about 500 g (1.1 lb) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m/s (2,000 ft/s) to a range of about 3,200 meters (3,500 yd). They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute.^[5] The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft. However, the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft.^[1] In 1884 two above-water 356-millimeter (14.0 in) torpedo tubes were added. Two more were added in 1891.^[2]

Friedland had a complete 220-millimeter (8.7 in) wrought iron waterline belt. The sides and the transverse bulkheads of the battery itself were armoured with 160 millimeters (6.3 in) of wrought iron.^[2] The barbettes were unarmoured.^[1]

Service

Friedland was laid down at Lorient in January 1865 and launched on 15 October 1873.^[2] While the exact reason for such prolonged construction time is not known, the budget for the French Navy was cut after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 and the French dockyards had not been reformed with working practices more suitable for the industrial age.^[6] The ship began her sea trials on 1 May 1875, but was not completed until 20 June 1877.

Friedland joined the Mediterranean Squadron in 1878 and the ship bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax from 6–16 July 1881 as part of the French occupation of Tunisia.^[7] She was reduced to reserve in 1887 and decommissioned in 1893. Friedland returned to active duty in 1893, but was paid off in 1898 and condemned in 1902.^[2]

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Campbell, p. 288
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 27
^ Silverstone, p. 62
^ Brassey, p. 477
^ "United States of America 1-pdr (0.45 kg) 1.46" (37 mm) Marks 1 through 15". Navweps.com. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
^ Ropp, pp. 31, 55–58
^ Wilson, pp. 2–4

References

de Balincourt, Captain; Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain (1975). "The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Frigates". F.P.D.S. Newsletter. III (4): 26–29. OCLC 41554533.
Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
Ropp, Theodore (1987). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy 1871–1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-141-2.
Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
Wilson, H. W. (1896). Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895. Vol. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown.