Football boots, also known as cleats or soccer shoes in North American English,[1] are a type of shoe worn when playing association football (soccer), most of its variations, and some games that are played on the same surface. Those designed for grass pitches have studs on the outsole to aid grip. Modern football boots are no longer truly traditional boots, as they do not cover the ankle. As with most other types of athletic footwear, their basic design and appearance have converged with those of sneakers since the 1960s.
A variation of the boots are worn for rugby football featuring several key design differences specific to that sport and are therefore known as rugby boots; although boots designed for soccer are often used by rugby players in certain positions.
Despite being most associated with football and rugby, the shoe is often used in other sports that are played on grass surfaces, such as touch, lacrosse, hurling, shinty, and tug of war.
History
Gath & Chaves advertisement promoting "foot-ball" products, including boots by British manufacturer Mc Gregor at m$n10, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1910
1800s: During the 19th century various forms of football became increasingly popular in Great Britain. Participants would wear their heavy and hard work-boots to play. These were the first ever football boots with the steel toe-cap at the front, with long laces and high-topped. These boots also sometimes had metal studs or tacks put on the bottom so the players would have more grip and stability.[2][3]
In the later part of the 19th century the first ever football-specific boot was designed, made of thick and heavy leather which ran right to the ankle for increased protection; the first boot weighed 500 grams (18 oz) and would double in weight when it was wet.[4][failed verification]
1900–1940: During this period the style of football boots stayed very basic. They remained so during the inter-war years, despite many famous football-boot producers, such as Gola, Hummel and Valsport becoming ever more popular.
1940–1960: After the Second World War, the designs of the football boot changed dramatically. The South Americans[specify] first wore lighter and more flexible boots, which later came to the attention of the world. This design focused on increasing good control and better kicking-power rather than a more protective boot. In 1954 Adi Dassler introduced screw-in studs. Which gave the German team a tangible advantage during a rain-lashed World Cup final that year. (Adi Dassler's older brother Rudolf Dassler - founder of Puma - disputes the claim that Adi Dassler originated screw-in studs.)
1960s: In the 1960s many football boots featured a lower cut and were designed to be lighter and more flexible.[5] These enabled the best players in Europe and South America to move faster and change direction more quickly. Mitre, Joma and Asics joined the fray. Adidas became the top manufacturer during this decade, with 75% of players at the 1966 FIFA World Cup wearing Adidas.[6]
1970s: The 1970s saw many major advances and changes in the design of football boots. These included lighter boots and a variety of colours. Boot sponsorship also became more widespread. Adidas was the market leader in this period, releasing new technologies such as padding to provide heel protection.[5] At the end of the decade, in 1979, it cemented its status by releasing what has gone on to become the best-selling boot of all time, the Copa Mundial. During this time period, some of the most common types of natural leather came into use: kangaroo leather, calfskin and full-grain/cow leather.[7]Diadora entered the market in this decade.
1980s: The 1980s saw further development of the technological advances of the football boot in the 1970s. Umbro, Lotto and Kelme joined the market in this decade.
1990s: New types of soles were introduced to improve the balance of the player. The Adidas Predator, designed by Australian Craig Johnston in the late 1980s, was released in 1994 and enjoyed instant success. Mizuno, Reebok, Uhlsport, and Nike began consistently making football boots in this decade. Nike's first popular boot, the Nike Mercurial Vapor, immediately made an impact on its release in 1998 and after Ronaldo wore a pair at the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
2000s: In the first decade of the 21st century laser technology was introduced to produce the first fully customized football boot in 2006.[8] The first laceless boot, the Lotto Zhero Gravity, was also released in 2006.[9] Laceless boots later became very popular in the late 2010s.
2010s: In the era of the modern game that sees the tempo of matches becoming faster and players more technically inclined, manufacturers introduced new technology, including lighter footwear made from alternative materials.[10] Boot customization also became more prominent with the rise of the internet. Laceless boots became very popular after Adidas released the Ace PureControl in 2016.[11][12] Even though Adidas increased the popularity of laceless boots, the first laceless boots were released by the Italian bootmaker company Lotto in 2006. Despite not being able to make a significant change in the world of laceless shoes, Lotto Zero Gravity was worn by such famous players such as Cafu, Andriy Shevchenko and Luca Toni.[13] After Adidas started the trend in 2016, other companies like Umbro, New Balance and Nike have also released their versions of laceless shoes. Laceless boots demonstrate better lock down and lateral stability. A knitted upper, allows players to have better ball control due to a larger surface area.[14]
Material for football boots
Football boots are an essential part of a player's equipment. They are designed to provide traction on the field and grip the ground to avoid slipping and sliding. Football boots can be made from many different materials such as rubber, synthetic such as nylon and polyurethane, or leather. The most popular material for football boots is kangaroo leather. Kangaroo leather is a type of leather that is made from the skin of a kangaroo.[15] It has a unique texture and it's very durable. It's also breathable and lightweight, which makes it perfect for soccer players who need to be agile on the field. Some players prefer leather while others like synthetic or plastic material because they are more durable and cheaper.[16]
Depending on the type of surface, kind of sport and even the wearer's position or role in the game, different styles of boot and particularly stud configurations are available.[17]
For hard pitches, amateur participants may wear a turf football boot (TF) or a plastic-stud boot (known as a "molded sole"). For indoor football, companies developed indoor court (IC) boots. These come with rubber soles, meant to maximize grip on the floor and are specifically designed for the indoor game. For football on turf or artificial grass, some players wear regular firm ground (FG) football boots. But wearing regular football boots on turf greatly reduces the life of the boot, so companies such as Nike have developed football boots for artificial grass (AG), which have smaller circular studs. The other type of football boot is SG (soft ground). It is recommended to use while playing on well-grassed or sodden field.[18] When playing on this kind of pitch, some players favor using a boot with screw-in studs in their non-dominant (supporting) foot to provide grip, and a boot with short rubber or plastic studs in the dominant (kicking/passing) foot to provide accuracy. However, most players opt for a consistent configuration on both boots.
More recently, molded soles with specially designed boots known as blades have molded soles facing in multiple directions, theoretically to maximise grip and minimize ankle injury. Recently, however, "bladed" football boots have faced criticism from some UK sporting bodies for causing potentially serious injuries to players. English football club Manchester United have even banned their players from wearing boots with bladed studs after players like Wayne Rooney and David Beckham suffered repeated metatarsal injuries.[19]
In recent years, questions have been raised about the safety of female footballers wearing men's football boots, mainly due to foot shape and weight distribution differences between women's and men's feet.[20] Despite football boots being unisex, studies have shown that women tend to get injured more often while playing in football boots.[21]
Football markets and brands
A pair of Nike Zoom Air football boots, for use on artificial grass or sand and rubber pitches.
Many players use personalization around the world to improve the look of their boots and to make them easily identifiable in the club dressing room. It is now very common to have football boots fully personalized with either a name, initials, number or club logo. Professional players such as Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Neymar have all personalized their boots in some way, either by including their number, the names of their children, or just a flag.[25][26] Many retailers offer various options and colors to personalize football boots by using embroidery machinery, such as Nike, Adidas, and Puma. The customization process takes place not only to highlight the player's number or initials but also to make boots more comfortable. Shortening a tongue, trimming a hill, rearranging studs or even using a particular leather has become a common way to increase the comfort level of football boots. One of many examples is English player Declan Rice, who has more than 25 modifications to his AdiPure 11 Pro boots.[27]
McArthur, Ian; Kemp, Dave (1995). Elegance Borne of Brutality: An eclectic history of the football boot. London: Two Heads Publishing. ISBN1-897850-76-X.
^"Football Boots History". Footy-Boots.com. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2023. [By] the mid-nineteenth century [...] workers were playing football in their hard, leather work boots with steel capped toes, sometimes with leather or tacks hammered into the soles as makeshift studs.
^Goldblatt, David (2006). The History of Football. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0141026219. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
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