Economy of Tunisia

Economy of Tunisia

Amen Bank, one of the biggest banks in the country
Currency	Tunisian dinar (TND, د.ت)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Trade organisations	African Union, AfCFTA (signed), WTO, COMESA, CEN-SAD, AMU
Country group	Developing/Emerging[1] Lower-middle income economy[2]
Statistics
Population	12,352,187 (2023)[3]
GDP	$53.482 billion (nominal est, 2024)[4] $178.928 billion (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP rank	92nd (nominal, 2024) 81st (PPP, 2024)
GDP growth	4.2% (2021f)[5]
GDP per capita	$4,136 (nominal, est, 2024)[4] $14,294 (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP per capita rank	(nominal, 2024) (PPP, 2024)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 10.05% industry: 21.69% services: 68.26% (2020)[6]
Inflation (CPI)	6.53% (2022 est.)[4][7]
Population below poverty line	15.2% (2015)[8] 17.5% on less than $5.50/day (2015)[9]
Gini coefficient	32.8 medium (2015)[10]
Human Development Index	0.731 high (2021)[11] (97th) 0.588 medium IHDI (2021)[12]
Labour force	4,080,000 (Q2, 2022)[13] 46% employment rate (Q2, 2022)[14]
Labour force by occupation	agriculture: 14.8% industry: 33.2% services: 51.7% (2014 est.)[6]
Unemployment	15.3% (Q2, 2022)
Average net salary	$360 monthly (2023)[15]
Main industries	petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textile, footwear, agriculture, beverages, olive oil
External
Exports	$19.06 billion USD (2019)[16]
Export goods	clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons, electrical equipment
Main export partners	France 24.8%  Italy 17.2  Germany 13.8%  Spain 3.95%  Libya 3.43%  United States 3.43%  Netherlands 2.24%   Switzerland 2.08%  Turkey 1.59%  United Kingdom 1.51% (2021)[17]
Imports	$21.57 billion USD (2019)[18]
Import goods	textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs
Main import partners	France 14.9%  Italy 13.2%  China 9.39%  Germany 7%  Turkey 6%  Greece 4.53%  Spain 4.07%  Algeria 3.3%  Azerbaijan 2.48%  United States 2.19 (2021)[17]
FDI stock	$37.95 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6] Abroad: $285 million (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Current account	−$2.690 billion (2019)
Gross external debt	$30.19 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Public finances
Government debt	70.3% of GDP (2017 est.)[6]
Budget balance	−5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[6]
Revenues	10.957 billion (2022 est.)[6]
Expenses	12.523 billion (2022 est.)[6]
Credit rating	Standard & Poor's:[19][20] BBB (Domestic) BBB- (Foreign) BBB (T&C Assessment) Outlook: Negative Moody's:[20] Baa3 Outlook: Negative Fitch:[20] BBB Outlook: Negative
Foreign reserves	$8.5 billion (23 December 2023 est.)[6]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Tunisia is in the process of being liberalized after decades of heavy state direction and participation in the country's economy. Prudent economic and fiscal planning has resulted in moderate but sustained growth for over a decade. Tunisia's economic growth historically has depended on oil, phosphates, agri-food products, car parts manufacturing, and tourism. In the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report for 2015–2016, Tunisia ranks in 92nd place.^[21]

The year 2015 was marked by terrorist attacks in Tunisia which are likely to affect economic growth, especially in tourism, one of the main sectors.^[22]

Historical trend

GDP per capita soared by more than 380% in the seventies (1970–1980: USD 280–1,369). But this proved unsustainable and it collapsed to a cumulative 10% growth in the turbulent eighties (1980–1990: USD 1,369–1,507), rising again to almost 50% cumulative growth in the nineties (1990–2000: USD 1,507–2,245), signifying the impact of successful diversification.^[23]

Olive grove in Sfax, Tunisia

Growing foreign debt and the foreign exchange crisis in the mid-1980s led the government to launch a structural adjustment program to liberalize prices, reduce tariffs, and reorient Tunisia toward a market economy in 1986. Tunisia's economic reform program was lauded as a model by international financial institutions. The government liberalized prices, reduced tariffs, lowered debt-service-to-exports and debt-to-GDP ratios, and extended the average maturity of its $10 billion foreign debt. Structural adjustment brought additional lending from the World Bank and other Western creditors. In 1990, Tunisia acceded to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

In 1996 Tunisia entered into an "Association Agreement" with the European Union (EU) which removed tariffs and other trade barriers on most goods by 2008. In conjunction with the Association Agreement, the EU is assisting the Tunisian government's Mise A Niveau (upgrading) program to enhance the productivity of Tunisian businesses and prepare for competition in the global marketplace.

The government totally or partially privatized around 160 state-owned enterprises after the privatization program was launched in 1987. Although the program is supported by the GATT, the government had to move carefully to avoid mass firings. Unemployment continued to plague Tunisia's economy and was aggravated by a rapidly growing workforce. An estimated 55% of the population is under the age of 25. Officially, 15.2% of the Tunisian workforce is unemployed.

In 2011, after the Arab Spring, the economy slumped but then recovered with 2.81% GDP growth in 2014. However, unemployment is still one of the major issues with 15.2% of the labor force unemployed as of the first quarter of 2014. Tunisia's political transition gained new momentum in early 2014, with the resolution of a political deadlock, the adoption of a new Constitution and the appointment of a new government. The national dialogue platform, brokered by key civil society organizations, played a crucial role in gathering all major political parties. This consensus will allow for further reform in the economy and public sector.

In 2015, the Bardo National Museum attack led to the collapse of the third largest sector of Tunisia's economy;^[24] tourism. Tunisian tourist workers in Tunis have said that "tourism is dead, it is completely dead", expressing the severe drop in tourism after the attack.^[25]

The number of ragpickers in Tunisia is increasing due to the continuing high level of unemployment, the loss of purchasing power of the most disadvantaged families, and the explosion of plastic waste due to new consumption habits. Ragpickers do not benefit from social protection, granted to professions with a legal status and may be subject to the exploitation of the Recycling industry.^[26]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 5% is in green.^[27]

Year	GDP (in Bil. US$ PPP)	GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)	GDP (in bil. US$ nominal)	GDP growth (real)	Inflation rate (in Percent)	Unemployment (in Percent)	Government debt (in % of GDP)
1980	13.6	2,127	9.6	7.4%	10.1%	n/a	n/a
1981	15.8	2,387	9.2	5.5%	8.9%	n/a	n/a
1982	16.6	2,463	8.9	−0.5%	13.7%	n/a	n/a
1983	18.0	2,618	9.2	4.7%	9.0%	n/a	n/a
1984	19.7	2,833	9.1	5.7%	8.6%	n/a	n/a
1985	21.5	2,991	9.2	5.7%	7.6%	n/a	n/a
1986	21.6	2,894	9.9	−1.5%	6.2%	n/a	n/a
1987	23.7	3,101	10.7	6.7%	8.2%	n/a	n/a
1988	24.5	3,158	11.1	0.1%	7.2%	n/a	n/a
1989	26.1	3,306	11.1	2.6%	7.7%	n/a	n/a
1990	29.0	3,560	14.1	7.1%	6.5%	16.2%	n/a
1991	31.2	3,756	14.9	4.1%	7.7%	16.2%	66.4%
1992	34.5	4,065	17.8	8.0%	5.5%	16.2%	65.2%
1993	36.2	4,224	16.7	2.5%	4.0%	16.3%	66.9%
1994	38.3	4,362	17.9	3.6%	5.4%	16.3%	67.0%
1995	40.2	4,484	20.6	2.7%	6.2%	16.2%	68.8%
1996	43.7	4,808	22.3	6.9%	3.7%	16.1%	70.1%
1997	47.0	5,100	21.8	5.7%	3.6%	15.9%	69.9%
1998	49.9	5,342	22.9	5.0%	3.1%	16.1%	61.0%
1999	53.7	5,676	24.1	6.0%	2.8%	16.0%	65.0%
2000	57.3	5,993	22.5	4.3%	2.8%	15.7%	65.9%
2001	61.4	6,362	23.1	4.9%	1.9%	15.1%	54.7%
2002	63.4	6,503	24.3	1.7%	1.9%	15.3%	54.2%
2003	68.2	6,931	28.8	5.5%	2.1%	14.5%	55.1%
2004	74.3	7,476	32.7	6.0%	2.5%	14.2%	54.1%
2005	79.7	7,947	33.9	4.0%	2.4%	12.8%	52.4%
2006	86.8	8,570	36.1	5.7%	3.2%	12.5%	47.8%
2007	94.7	9,260	40.8	6.3%	3.0%	12.4%	44.8%
2008	100.8	9,763	47.0	4.5%	4.3%	12.4%	42.0%
2009	104.8	10,036	45.6	3.1%	3.7%	13.3%	40.5%
2010	108.8	10,315	46.2	2.6%	3.3%	13.0%	39.2%
2011	108.9	10,204	48.1	−1.9%	3.5%	18.9%	43.1%
2012	115.2	10,694	47.3	3.9%	5.1%	16.7%	47.7%
2013	120.0	11,020	48.7	2.4%	5.8%	15.3%	46.8%
2014	124.9	11,355	50.3	2.3%	4.9%	15.3%	51.6%
2015	127.6	11,487	45.8	1.1%	4.9%	15.4%	54.8%
2016	130.5	11,448	44.4	1.0%	3.7%	15.5%	61.2%
2017	135.4	11,755	42.2	1.9%	5.3%	15.3%	71.3%

External trade and investment

Tunisian exports in 2006

In 1992, Tunisia re-entered the private international capital market for the first time in 6 years, securing a $10-million line of credit for balance-of-payments support. In January 2003 Standard & Poor's affirmed its investment grade credit ratings for Tunisia. The World Economic Forum 2002-03 ranked Tunisia 34th in the Global Competitiveness Index Ratings (two places behind South Africa, the continent's leader). In April 2002, Tunisia's first US dollar-denominated sovereign bond issue since 1997 raised $458 million, with maturity in 2012.

The Bourse de Tunis is under the control of the state-run Financial Market Council and lists over 50 companies. The government offers substantial tax incentives to encourage companies to join the exchange, and expansion is occurring.

The Tunisian government adopted a unified investment code in 1993 to attract foreign capital. More than 1,600 export-oriented joint venture firms operate in Tunisia to take advantage of relatively low labor costs and preferential access to nearby European markets. Economic links are closest with European countries, which dominate Tunisia's trade. Tunisia's currency, the dinar, is not traded outside Tunisia. However, partial convertibility exists for bona fide commercial and investment transaction. Certain restrictions still limit operations carried out by Tunisian residents.

The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Tunisia was valued at $5.3 Billion in 2007, 15% of 2007 GDP, by the World Bank.^[28]

For 2007, foreign direct investment totaled TN Dinar 2 billion in 2007, or 5.18% of the total volume of investment in the country. This figure is up 35.7% from 2006 and includes 271 new foreign enterprises and the expansion of 222 others already based in the country.

The economic growth rate seen for 2007, at 6.3% is the highest achieved in a decade.

On 29 and 30 November, Tunisia held an investment conference with country chiefs from all around the world with pledges that have reached $30 billion to finance new public projects.^[29]

As of 2022, Tunisia's government is in need of international help as the economy grapples with a crisis in public finances that has raised fears it may default on debt and has contributed to shortages of food and fuel, according to government critics. As a result, the government announced in December 2022 that they expect to reduce its fiscal deficit to 5.5% in 2023 from a forecast 7.7% this year, driven by austerity measures that could pave the way for a final deal with the International Monetary Fund on a rescue package.^[30]

Loan guarantee

Source:^[31]

On 20 April 2012, U.S. Treasury Secretary^[32] and Tunisian Finance Minister Houcine Dimassi signed a declaration of intent^[33] to move forward on a U.S. loan guarantee for Tunisia. The U.S. Government would provide this loan guarantee to enable the Tunisian government to access significant market financing at affordable rates and favorable maturities with the backing of a U.S. guarantee of principal and interest (up to 100 percent).

The support would consist of the U.S. guarantee of Tunisian government-issued debt (or of bank loans made to the Government of Tunisia). This guarantee will significantly reduce the Tunisian government's borrowing costs at a time when market access has become more expensive for many emerging market countries. In the weeks ahead, both governments intend to make progress on a loan guarantee agreement that would allow Tunisia to move forward with a debt issuance.

The ceremony took place at the World Bank immediately following the meeting of Finance Ministers of the Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition.

Microfinance institutions, such as Enda Tamweel, exist to assist those who are unable to access the regular banking system. This comprises those living in rural or impoverished regions where the informal sector thrives, accounting for 34% of Tunisia's GDP.^[34][35]

Enda Tamweel has made over 3 million microloans to over 900,000 people in the 30 years since its inception, infusing more than €1.6 billion into the local economy.^[34][35]

Energy

Main article: Energy in Tunisia

Tunisia's natural resources are modest when compared to those of its neighbors: Algeria and Libya. This modesty in natural resources forced the country to import oil, which contributed to the rise in the cost of gasoline: on 26 April 2006, the liter crossed the bar of one dinar to sell for 1.50 Tunisian dinars. (a price equivalent to European prices from the point of view of purchasing power parity).^[36]

Electricity

• Production: 16.13 Billion kWh (2011)^[37]
• Production by source:
  • fossil fuel: 96.8% (2010)
  • hydro: 1.7% (2010)
  • other: 1.5% (2010)
• Consumption: 13.29 billion kWh (2010)
• Exports: None (2010)
• Imports: 19 million kWh (2010)

Economic structure

In 2017, the breakdown by economic sector is as follows:

Economy sector	contribution to GDP
Agriculture	10,1 %
Industry	26,2 %
Services	63,8 %

Agriculture

Agriculture - products: olives, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds.

In 2018, Tunisia produced:

• 1.5 million tons of wheat;
• 1.3 million tons of tomato (16th largest producer in the world);
• 825 thousand tons of olives (7th largest producer in the world);
• 700 thousand tons of barley;
• 548 thousand tons of watermelon;
• 450 thousand tons of onion;
• 426 thousand tons of pepper;
• 423 thousand tons of potato;
• 241 thousand tons of date (10th largest producer in the world);
• 217 thousand tons of carrots;
• 146 thousand tons of grape;
• 144 thousand tons of orange;
• 118 thousand tons of peach;
• 114 thousand tons of apple;
• 104 thousand tons of grapefruit;
• 102 thousand tons of melon.

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like almond (66 thousand tons) and sugar beet (76 thousand tons).^[38]

See also

• Economy of Africa
• List of companies based in Tunisia
• United Nations Economic Commission for: Africa & Western Asia

References

1. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
2. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
3. locations=TN&name_desc=false "Population, total - Tunisia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 3 October 2019. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
4. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". IMF.org. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
5. Rabah, Arezki; Daniel, Lederman; Amani, Abou Harb; Nelly, El-Mallakh; Yuting, Fan; Asif, Islam; Ha, Nguyen; Marwane, Zouaidi (9 April 2020). Middle East and North Africa Economic Update, April 2020 : How Transparency Can Help the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank. p. 10. ISBN 9781464815614. Retrieved 10 April 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
6. "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
7. "Tunisia - inflation rate 1986-2022".
8. "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Tunisia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
9. "Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Tunisia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
10. "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
11. "Human Development Index (HDI)" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
12. "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
13. "Labor force, total - Tunisia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
14. "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Tunisia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
15. "Rankings by Country of Average Monthly Net Salary (After Tax) (Salaries And Financing)". www.numbeo.com.
16. "Tunisia Exports 1965-2022".
17. "Foreign trade partners of Tunisia". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
18. "Tunisia Trade | WITS | Text".
19. "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
20. Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
21. "Competitiveness Rankings".
22. Solutions, EIU Digital. "Tunisia Economy, Politics and GDP Growth Summary - The Economist Intelligence Unit". country.eiu.com.
23. "Tunisia: GDP per capita". Index Mundi. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
24. "CIA World Factbook". cia.gov. CIA. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
25. "Tunisia's tourism grappling with job losses". BBC World. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
26. "A Tunis, les chiffonniers sortent de l'ombre". Le Monde. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
27. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
28. "Data - Finance". Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
29. "Hoping to preserve democracy, Tunisia woos foreign investors". Archived from the original on 30 November 2016.
30. Amara, Tarek (23 December 2022). "Tunisia seeks to cut fiscal deficit to 5.5% in 2023, led by economic reforms". Reuters. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
31. "Treasury Secretary Geithner and Tunisian Finance Minister Dimassi Sign Declaration to Work Toward U.S. Loan Guarantee for Tunisia". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
32. Timothy Geithner
33. "FAQs: U.S. LOAN GUARANTEE FOR TUNISIA" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Treasury. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
34. "A helping hand for young entrepreneurs in Tunisia". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
35. "EBRD, Enda Tamweel and Attijari Bank supporting microfinance in Tunisia". www.ebrd.com. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
36. "Tunisia Energy Situation - energypedia". energypedia.info. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
37. "Nation Master".
38. Tunisia production in 2018, by FAO

External links

• Historic Growth Trend of Tunisia's Economy, 1962 – 2007
• Economy of Tunisia extracted from the CIA factbook public data