Carmen de Luna

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is de Luna and the second or maternal family name is Villajuan.

Carmen de Luna
Liberada Avelino (left) with de Luna in 1911
Born	Carmen de Luna Villajuan (1873-07-16)July 16, 1873 San Miguel, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died	November 4, 1962(1962-11-04) (aged 89) Manila, Republic of the Philippines
Nationality	Filipina
Occupation(s)	teacher, school founder
Years active	1907–1962

Carmen de Luna Villajuan (July 16, 1873 – November 4, 1962) was a Filipina educator and co-founded the Centro Escolar University. After completing her own education to train as a teacher, de Luna taught at the private school run by Librada Avelino in Manila and the Pandacan Public Girls' School. In 1907, the two women, along with Fernando Salas founded the Centro Escolar de Señoritas, as a non-sectarian educational facility for girls. Acting as assistant director from 1907 to 1934, she assumed the directorship upon Avelido's death and led the university until her own death in 1962.

For her work with civic and charitable organizations and lifelong commitment to education, de Luna was honored with the Philippine Presidential Medal of Merit, the Vatican's Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice medal, as well as recognition from Spain for her work in preserving Spanish culture and language. A historical marker in recognition of her was placed at the Centro Escolar University by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

Early life

Carmen de Luna Villajuan was born on July 16, 1873, in San Miguel, Manila, in the Philippine Islands, which at the time was part of the Spanish Empire, to Ignacia Villajuan and Sebastian de Luna.^[1][2] She attended a Catholic boarding school operated by Anacleta Abrera in Binondo, earning her elementary teaching certificate in 1890. To continue her education, de Luna enrolled in the course offered by the sisters of the Assumption Convent,^[1] where she met fellow student Librada Avelino, who would become her collaborator and companion for the rest of her life.^[3] She graduated in 1894 and that same year passed the government examination to obtain her teaching license as a secondary school teacher.^[1][2]

Career

In 1896, de Luna's friend Librada Avelino was loaned a property in Santa Cruz in which to open a school.^[4] As the school grew, it moved from Fernandez Street to San Sebastian Street and de Luna, and Avelino's cousin Margarita "Garit" Oliva joined Avelino, as teachers in the school.^[5] At the end of the Philippine Revolution, the school closed because the new United States authorities changed the educational curricula throughout the country requiring that courses be taught in English.^[6] In 1901, the two friends traveled to Hong Kong to improve their English and after a 6 month stay, returned to the Philippines.^[7][8] Avelino was employed as the principal of the Pandacan Public Girls' School^[9] and de Luna worked for her as a teacher.^[10] De Luna continued her education and earned a bachelor's degree of Arts and Sciences in 1907.^[1][2][8]

That same year, DeLuna and Avelino sought the advice of Fernando Salas, a lawyer from a family of educators, about opening a school for women, modeled after the Centro Escolar de Varones (Central School of Men), which Salas was operating. They decided to invest^{[Notes 1]} in the founding of a school in Manila which would be called the Centro Escolar de Señoritas (Central School of Ladies).^[15][16] Each contributed ₱250^[11] and began to organize a non-sectarian school located at 841 Iris Street, later called Azcarraga Street.^[14][17] Avelino, De Luna, and Oliva all intended to teach and they hired other women who had graduated from various normal schools, such as sisters Filomena and Ildefonsa Amor; Constancia P. Arrieta; Maria del Pilar Francisco, the first woman lawyer in the Philippines; and Felisa and Domingo Francisco, cousins of Maria.^[18][19] Salas' teacher candidates included Josué Soncuya, a historian and lawyer; Manuel Ravago [es], a journalist and orator; and Alberto Campos, a former soldier in the Spanish army, and a journalist and educator.^[20] After proposing his candidates, Salas withdrew from the venture and retrieved his investment funds.^[21]

The initial board of the Centro Escolar de Señoritas included Avelino as director, de Luna as assistant director, María Francisco as secretary, Felisa Francisco as treasurer and Oliva as administrator.^[22] The course offerings which began with girls' education from kindergarten to high school, expanded in 1921 to offer tertiary courses.^[14][23] In 1930, the Centro Escolar de Señoritas officially became a university and two years later was incorporated as the Centro Escolar University.^[8] When Avelino died in 1934, de Luna took over the direction of the institution and would continue in that post until her own death.^[2] After the liberation of the Philippines in World War II, the university became co-educational in 1945, making de Luna the only woman in the country to head a university which taught female and male students.^[24]

Historical marker at Centro Escolar University, Manila

In addition to her work at the university, de Luna De Luna was actively involved in the Liga de Mujeres Filipinas (Philippine Women's League), which aimed to equalize the civic and socio-economic opportunities afforded to women.^[25] She worked with numerous civic and charitable organizations including La Gota de Leche and the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, which operated San Beda College; as well as various Catholic charities.^[1][2] Her work among youth was recognized by President Elpidio Quirino in 1949, who bestowed upon her the Presidential Medal of Merit, the year the honor was inaugurated.^[26][27] That same year, she was honored by Pope Pius XII, who awarded her the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice medal for her leadership and service to the Catholic church. In 1950, she received recognition in the form of a Medal an Diploma of Merit from the Spanish government for her work to preserve the Spanish culture and language of the Philippines. For her lifetime of service as a civic leader and educator, de Luna was recognized by President Carlos P. Garcia in 1961.^[1]

Death and legacy

De Luna died on November 4, 1962, in Manila, Republic of the Philippines.^[1][28] The National Historical Commission of the Philippines affixed a plaque to honor her at the Centro Escolar University in 1973.^[1]

Notes

1. While Varona and de la Llana state the three founders and initial donors were Avelino, de Luna and Salas,^[11] Artigas y Cuerva says that the initial investment of ₱1,000 was divided between Avelino, de Luna, María de Salas, (Fernando's wife?) and Josué Soncuya.^[12] Avelino died intestate and in a lawsuit which followed Soncuya, the plaintiff alleged that in 1910, he, Avelino and de Luna organized the corporation "Centro Escolar de Señoritas".^[13] This would indicate Soncuya was not one of the initial founders, but invested three years after the school was opened in 1907.^[14]

References

Citations

1. National Historical Commission of the Philippines 2013.
2. Almario 2015.
3. Varona & de la Llana 1935, pp. 66–67.
4. Varona & de la Llana 1935, pp. 95–96.
5. Varona & de la Llana 1935, pp. 96, 98–99.
6. Varona & de la Llana 1935, pp. 100–101.
7. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 102.
8. The Manila Bulletin 2013.
9. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 103.
10. Santos 1907b, p. 7.
11. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 113.
12. Artigas y Cuerva 1917, p. 920.
13. Philippine Supreme Court 1939.
14. Artigas y Cuerva 1917, p. 921.
15. Varona & de la Llana 1935, pp. 110–111.
16. Artigas y Cuerva 1917, p. 919.
17. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 116.
18. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 121.
19. Santos 1907a, p. 6.
20. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 122.
21. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 123.
22. Centro Escolar University 2009.
23. Varona & de la Llana 1935, p. 129.
24. Reyes 1951, p. 3.
25. Makabuhay 1922, p. 100.
26. Orosa 2008.
27. Malacañang Protocol Office 2003, p. 1.
28. Official Gazette 1962.

Bibliography

• Almario, Virgilio S., ed. (2015). "Carmen de Luna (16 Hulyo 1973 [sic]–4 Nobyembre 1962) [Carmen de Luna (16 July 1973 [sic]–4 November 1962)]". Sagisag kultura [Culture Symbols, Vol. 1: History and Heroes] (in Tagalog). Vol. 1. Kasaysayan at bayani (Unangisyon ed.). Manila, The Philippines: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. ISBN 978-9-719-54874-4. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019.
• Artigas y Cuerva, Manuel (1917). "Avelino, Librada". Galeria de filipinos ilustres: biografias a contar desde las primeros tiempos de la dominaci'on Hispana, de los hijos del pais que en sus respectivas profesiones descollaron ı hayan alcanzado alguń puesto de distinción en sociedad [Gallery of Illustrious Filipinos: Biographies Starting from the Early Days of the Hispanic Domination, of the Children of the Country Who in Their Respective Professions Excelled and Have Reached Some Position of Distinction in Society] (in Spanish). Manila, The Philippines: Imp. Casa Editora "Renacimiento". pp. 915–932. OCLC 615740617.
• Makabuhay (1922). "El feminism y su significado [Feminism and Its Meaning]". Orientaciones [Orientations] (in Spanish). Manila, The Philippines: Imprenta Paredes, Inc. pp. 99–101. OCLC 222983925.
• Orosa, Rosalinda L. (April 26, 2008). "GMA medal for Betsy/ Salcedo Village concert". The Philippine Star. Manila, The Philippines. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
• Reyes, Felina (1951). Filipino Women, Their Role in the Progress of Their Nation. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau. OCLC 29947713.
• Santos, Guillermo, ed. (June 1907a). "Centro Escolar". The Filipino Teacher. 1 (3). Manila, The Philippines: The Philippine Teachers' Association: 6-English edition. Retrieved July 27, 2019. Each of the three language editions, English, Spanish and Tagalog are numbered separately
• Santos, Guillermo, ed. (July 1907b). "Ya no son Maestros" [They Are No Longer Teachers]. The Filipino Teacher (in Spanish). 1 (4). Manila, The Philippines: Phihppine Teachers' Association: 7-Spanish edition. Retrieved July 29, 2019. Each of the three language editions, English, Spanish and Tagalog are numbered separately.
• Varona, Francisco; de la Llana, Pedro (1935). Ada: The Life of Librada Avelino or the Development of a Soul. Manila, Philippine Islands: P. Vera & Sons Company. OCLC 830042720.
• "Carmen V. de Luna (1873–1962): 'Educator's Educator'". nhcp.gov.ph. Manila, The Philippines: National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 2013. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
• "Josue Soncuya vs. La Urbana et al". lawphil.net. Manila, The Philippines: Supreme Court of the Philippines. April 12, 1939. case #G.R. No. L-45306. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
• "Official Week in Review: November 4 – November 10, 1962: November 4". Official Gazette. Manila, The Philippines. November 12, 1962. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
• "Roster of Recipients of Presidential Awards". archive.org. Manila, The Philippines: Malacañang Protocol Office. 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
• "The 106 years of excellence of the Centro Escolar University". The Manila Bulletin. Manila, The Philippines. June 1, 2013. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019 – via Yahoo! News.
• "The History and the Founders". infograph.venngage. Manila, The Philippines: Centro Escolar University. 2009. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.