Britannia Beach

Location of Britannia Beach, British Columbia

Britannia Beach (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Shisháyu7áy, IPA: [ʃɪʃæjʊʔaj]) is a small unincorporated community in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District located approximately 55 kilometres north of Vancouver, British Columbia on the Sea-to-Sky Highway on Howe Sound. It has a population of about 300. It includes the nearby Britannia Creek, a small to mid-sized stream that flows into Howe Sound that was historically one of North America's most polluted waterways.

The community first developed between 1900 and 1904 as the residential area for the staff of the Britannia Mining and Smelting Company. The residential areas and the mining operation were physically interrelated, resulting in coincidental mining and community disasters through its history.

Today, the town is host to the Britannia Mine Museum, formerly known as the British Columbia Museum of Mining, on the grounds of the old Britannia Mines. The mine's old Concentrator facilities, used to separate copper ore from its containing rock, are a National Historic Site of Canada.[1]

History

The first settler/European person to sail the South Western inlet of what is now British Columbia was George Vancouver in 1792. When surveying the waters, George Vancouver gave name to the area, Howe Sound, in honour of Admiral Richard Howe.[2] Britannia Beach took its name from the nearby Britannia Range of mountains, which form the east wall of the mountainous shore of Howe Sound south of Britannia Beach. About 1859 Royal Navy hydrographer Captain Richards of HMS Plumper named the range of mountains for HMS Britannia, the third of a series of vessels to bear that name. The Britannia was never in these waters.[3][4]

Britannia Beach by Howe Sound

Copper mine (1888-1974)

Britannia Mine Museum, at Britannia Beach, BC

A copper discovery on Britannia Mountain by Dr. A. A. Forbes in 1888 led to the development of the Britannia Mine. 10 years after Dr. A. A. Forbes discovered copper, Oliver Furry made 5 claims in the surrounding area.[5] In 1899, a mining engineer named George Robinson was able to convince financial backers that the property had great potential. For several years, companies were formed, merged and dissolved in efforts to raise capital. Large scale mining began in 1903 with the completion of a concentrator that had a 200 ton capacity which was funded by Grant B. Schley.[6] The Britannia Mining and Smelting Company, a branch of the Howe Sound Company, finally commenced mining in the early 1900s, and owned the site for the next sixty years. The first ore was shipped to the Crofton Smelter on Vancouver Island in 1904, and the mine achieved full production in 1905.

A town had grown up around the mine and a post office opened on January 1, 1907 where it was named after the nearby mine.

In 1912 John Wedderburn Dunbar Moodie was authorized to upgrade the operation and increase production from the mine. Improvements in the mineral separation processes stimulated plans for a new mill (No. 2), which was completed in 1916 and was capable of producing 2000 tons of ore per day. The onset of World War I increased the demand for copper and the price rose sharply.

On March 21, 1915 an avalanche destroyed the Jane Camp. Sixty men, women and children were killed and it was a terrible blow to the tiny community.[7] Construction began immediately on a new, safer town at the 2,200-foot (670 m) level above the Britannia Beach site. This portion of the community became known as the "Town site" or "Mount Sheer".

Mount Sheer or Upper town mining camp sits in a hanging valley of Mount Sheer above Britannia Beach, 9 September 1919. It was built to replace the destroyed Jane Camp

In March 1921 during a brief period when the mine was shut down, mill No. 2 burnt to the ground.[8]

On October 28, 1921 after a full day of torrential rain, a massive flood destroyed much of that portion of the community and mine operations that existed on the lower beach area.[9] 50 of 110 homes were destroyed and thirty-seven men, women and children lost their lives. The flood was caused because the mining company had dammed up a portion of the Creek during the construction of a railway, and when this dam gave way the town below was flooded. Carleton Perkins Browning directed the reconstruction of this portion of the community and the new No. 3 mill, which stands today.

Being an isolated, close knit community which could only be accessed by boat, life in both of Britannia's towns was never dull. The Britannia Mining and Smelting Company tried to minimize turnover by providing amenities and implementing family-friendly policies.[10] Facilities included libraries, club rooms, billiard rooms, swimming pools, tennis courts and even bowling. A thriving social calendar saw sporting events, theatrical productions, dances, movies and parties held throughout the year.

The mine boomed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, becoming the largest producer of copper in the British Commonwealth by 1929, under the management of the mine manager C.P. Browning.

In the 1940s there were talks to build an artist village in Britannia's hills, but that plan did not proceed.

Miners unionized in 1946 and suffered through their first strike. Low copper prices saw the Britannia Mine Company reduced to seven employees, and in 1959 it went into liquidation.

In 1963 the Anaconda Mining Company bought the property and production continued for the next eleven years. 300 employees managed to produce 60,000 tons of concentrate each year. Ferries services stopped around May 1965 after the highway and railway connections had been constructed. The connections made it easier to transport the copper, but high operating costs and taxes eventually forced the mine to close on November 1, 1974. The company did not attempt to clean up the mine and chemical wastes that it produced, since environmental protection laws had not yet been enacted and enforcement of the Fisheries Act was never applied. A newly elected labour government presented higher anticipated union costs and the ore vein had already been 'highgraded'. With the closure of the mine, the economy of the town diminished rapidly, and the railway station shut down soon after. Residents responded to the closure of the mine with a museum plan, preserving the copper concentrator and other historic buildings as part of the British Columbia Mining Museum [now Britannia Mine Museum].[11]

Population (1888-1974)

Though the early settlers of Britannia Beach were primarily single white men, the company town was considered quite diverse. According to the Britannia Mine Museum:

"Workers at the Britannia Mine came from far and wide. It was recorded that people from 50 nationalities came to work here. Most of those came from Canada and Europe - for example in 1948, 48% of workers were Canadian, 47% were European, 2% were classed as 'Oriental', and 1% was American."[12]

Though there was a minor Asian population in Britannia Beach, they played a prominent role in the town. Since Bill No. 47 was passed in 1900 by the Canadian Government, Japanese and Chinese workers were not permitted to work underground, but were able to take jobs above the ground.[13]

Britannia Creek pollution

Britannia Beach as seen from above Woodfibre. The Mount Sheer and Jane Basin camps sat in the high valley in the upper left of the photo. Ore was brought down by surface tramways and tunnels.

Prior to the reclamation work undertaken by the University of British Columbia and the Provincial Government, the clear and transparent water in Britannia Creek suggested a pristine environment, however the clear water was actually an indication that no living creatures could survive in it. The water could not be consumed by humans either.

Although mining at Britannia Creek stopped in 1974, runoff and rainwater that flow through the mine's abandoned tunnels combine with oxygen and the high sulfide content of the waste rock to create a condition called acid rock drainage (ARD).[14][15] As a result of ARD, Britannia Creek became severely polluted. And, for close to a century prior to December, 2001, polluted run-off was being deposited directly into Howe Sound via Jane Creek and Britannia Creek; as much as 450 kilograms (close to one thousand pounds) of copper was entering Howe Sound daily.[16]

Britannia Beach pier debris in polluted waters of Howe Sound. The surviving piles of the Union Steamship dock.

A two-kilometre (1.2 mi) strip of coastal waters along Britannia Beach was seriously polluted, affecting 4.5 million juvenile chum salmon from the Squamish Estuary. A federal fisheries report revealed that spring salmon held in cages off Britannia Creek died in less than 48 hours because of the toxic metals in the water, whereas fish held off Porteau Cove to the south, had a 100% survival rate.[17]

In the summer of 2001, the Province of British Columbia formally announced that a large-scale treatment plant would be built to neutralize the run-off coming from the old mine site. Although the treatment plant did not become fully operational until 2006, its construction marked a pivotal turning point for Howe Sound and the community of Britannia Beach. The plant, now operated by EPCOR Utilities, treats an average of 4.2 billion liters of run-off annually, removing an average of 226,000 kilograms of heavy metal contaminants.[18]

Tunnel Dam on Britannia Creek

Engineers from the Centre for Environmental Research in Minerals, Metals, and Materials at The University of British Columbia also installed a concrete plug in the 2,200-foot (670 m) Level adit in December 2001 as the initial step in constructing a more substantial Millennium Plug. The idea for the installation was to create a laboratory to study ways to seal mine adits using bulk materials. At the same time the installation would immediately stop all pollution from the 2200 Level into Jane Creek, a tributary of Britannia Creek. Field monitoring done in 2003, using intertidal algae and mussels as ecological indicators, showed that the recovery of coastal biological communities was actually minimal.[19] However, recovery of Britannia Creek was significant and the amount of copper and zinc in the total discharge waters declined by about 20%.

As part of the reclamation work undertaken by the Provincial government, since 2004[20] they are undertaking an environmental monitoring program the recovery of Britannia Creek and Howe Sound. Initial assessments show significant recovery, however, the Provincial government has not yet completed its comprehensive environmental impact assessment to confirm this conclusion.[21] Following completion of the Water Treatment Plant it was estimated that 90% of the pollution to Howe Sound had been stopped. Optimization of the groundwater management system by 2008, further increased the reduction to 98-99%.[21]

In 2011, pink salmon returned to Britannia Creek for the first time in over a century.[22][23][24][25] Other species that have returned to Howe Sound include killer whales and Pacific white-sided dolphins are now regularly seen near the creek's outlet.

Events and Activities

During its successful years, Britannia Beach had many events for people to enjoy. The first of these being Miners Day. This was a day of celebration to honour those who kept the town going, the miners. Many events took place during Miners day which included drilling, mucking, diving (aquatic), running, and bicycle decorating competitions.[26] The second major event was the Copper Queen pageant which was held from 1926 to 1966 during Victoria Day celebrations in May.[12] The school children voted who should be named as Britannia Beach's Copper Queen and with each new Queen came a different variation of the crown she was presented, making each year unique to their own. Being Copper Queen had some responsibilities too as they had to attend local events and holiday festivities during their reign. Although Britannia Beach was essentially remote until the 1950s, there were plenty of recreational activities for everyone. In an interview with the Vancouver Sun, former resident Frances McKilligan stated that "Sports clubs, amateur theatre, hobby clubs and annual community celebrations took place throughout the year. Dances, parties, movies and picnics were held and there were ample areas for hiking, swimming and fishing with the beautiful Howe Sound as a backdrop."[27]

In the media

The 2010 episode of the US TV show Psych, Dual Spires, was filmed almost entirely in Britannia Beach.[28] In 2017, many scenes for The Crossing (TV series) were filmed in and around the village.[29][30] In the same year, scenes for Travelers (TV series) were also shot in Britannia Beach.[31]

References

  1. ^ Britannia Mines Concentrator. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  2. ^ "A History of Britannia Beach". copperridgeconferencecentre.ca. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  3. ^ Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1969), 1001 British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1973 ed.), Vancouver: Discovery Press
  4. ^ Walbran, Captain John T. (1971), British Columbia Place Names, Their Origin and History (Facsimile reprint of 1909 ed.), Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre, ISBN 0-88894-143-9, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved July 6, 2014
  5. ^ Brennan, C. V. (1935). Mining operations at the property of the Britannia Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd., Britannia Beach, British Columbia /. Mining operations at the property of the Britannia Mining & Smelting Co., LTD., Britannia Beach, British Columbia. [Washington, D.C.] hdl:2027/mdp.39015077568403.
  6. ^ Mining operations at the property of the Britannia Mining and Smelting Co., LTD., Britannia Beach, British Columbia /. Mining operations at the property of the Britannia Mining & Smelting Co., LTD., Britannia Beach, British Columbia. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. December 21, 2019.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ Rollwagen, Katharine (April 30, 2010). "'That Touch of Paternalism': Cultivating Community in the Company Town if Britannia Beach, 1920-58". BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly (151): 39–67. doi:10.14288/bcs.v0i151.680. ISSN 0005-2949. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  11. ^ Rollwagen, Katherine (2012). Borges, Marcelo J; Torres, Susana B (eds.). When ghosts hovered: Community and crisis in the company town of Britannia Beach, British Columbia, Canada, 1957-1965 [post-print]. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137024671. hdl:10613/3070. ISBN 9781137024664.
  12. ^ a b "Britannia Beach A-to-Z" (PDF). Britannia Mine Museum.
  13. ^ Smitheringale, W.G (September 2011). "Great Mining Camps of Canada 5. Britannia Mines, British Columbia". Geoscience Canada. 38 (3): 97–133 – via EBSCOhost.
  14. ^ Warden, Allan D. "The effects of acid mine drainage at Britannia Beach, B.C., on Fucus Gardneri and associated intertidal algae" (PDF). Circle Home. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  15. ^ Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. "Britannia Mine Remediation Project". Britannia Mine. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  16. ^ Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. "Britannia-Discharge-LTD-Summary-as of 2001January.xls" (PDF). Britannia Mine. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  17. ^ Mills, Chris. "The former Britannia Mine , Mount Sheer/Britannia Beach, British Columbia". Technomine. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  18. ^ "Britannia Mine, BC". EPCOR. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  19. ^ Zis, T.; Ronningen, V.; Scrosati, R. (2004), "Minor improvement for intertidal seaweeds and invertebrates after acid mine drainage diversion at Britannia Beach, Pacific Canada", Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48 (11–12), Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 48: 1040–1047, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.007, PMID 15172809
  20. ^ Larkins, Clayton. "Britannia Mine, British Columbia Canada - Water management techniques and active water treatment after closure". Archived from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved September 8, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ "Britannia Creek in the pink — salmon, that is" (Online article). The Squamish Chief. September 14, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  23. ^ McArthur, Aaron. "Pink salmon are back". Global News. Global TV. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  24. ^ "Fish Return to Britannia Creek!". Global News. Global TV. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  25. ^ Hume, Mark (September 18, 2011). "Fish return to Howe Sound, once a toxic dead zone". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  26. ^ "Britannia Beach Fire & Rescue - Miner's Day". www.bbvfd.ca. Retrieved November 26, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ Anonymous (2010). "Growing up in Britannia". Vancouver Sun (4 ed.). Vancouver, British Columbia: Postmedia Network Inc (published September 15, 2010).
  28. ^ "Dual Spires filming locations — Movie Maps". Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  29. ^ "Where was the Crossing filmed? Filming Locations of the ABC series".
  30. ^ "Notice of film production: Britannia Beach | Squamish-Lillooet Regional District". Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  31. ^ "Notice of filming: Britannia Beach June 1-2, 2017 | Squamish-Lillooet Regional District". Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2019.

Bibliography

Province of BC Britannia Mine Remediation Project: www.britanniamine.ca

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Britannia Beach.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lions Bay-Britannia Beach.

http://www.vaisbord.com/britanniabeach/

Other sources

49°37′30″N 123°12′15″W / 49.62500°N 123.20417°W / 49.62500; -123.20417

Read other articles:

Katedral Šibenik

Katedral Santo YakobusKatedrala sv. Jakova (Kroasia)Kubah katedralAgamaAfiliasi agamaGereja Katolik RomaProvinsiKeuskupan ŠibenikEcclesiastical or organizational statusKatedralLokasiLokasiŠibenik  KroasiaKoordinat43°44′8″N 15°53′21″E / 43.73556°N 15.88917°E / 43.73556; 15.88917Koordinat: 43°44′8″N 15°53′21″E / 43.73556°N 15.88917°E / 43.73556; 15.88917{{#coordinates:}}: tidak bisa memiliki lebih dari satu tag utama...

 

Luis Aragonés

Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Aragonés dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah Suárez. Luis Aragonés Aragonés pada bulan Juli 2008Informasi pribadiNama lengkap José Luis Aragonés SuárezTanggal lahir (1938-07-28)28 Juli 1938Tempat lahir Hortaleza, Madrid, SpanyolTanggal meninggal 1 Februari 2014(2014-02-01) (umur 75)Tempat meninggal Madrid, SpanyolPosisi bermain PenyerangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1957

 

Lista de cidades da América por PIB (PPC)

Este artigo ou seção pode conter informações desatualizadas. Se tem conhecimento sobre o tema abordado, edite a página e inclua as informações mais recentes, citando fontes fiáveis e independentes. —Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) Nova York,  Estados Unidos Los Angeles,  Estados Unidos Chicago,  Estados Unidos São Paulo,  Brasil Washington, D.C.,  Estados Unidos Boston,  ...

Summer Game Fest

Video game live event Summer Game FestStatusActiveGenreVideo gamesInteractive entertainmentCountryUnited StatesInauguratedMay 1, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-05-01)Most recentJune 8, 2023; 5 months ago (2023-06-08)Next eventJune 2024; 6 months' time (2024-06)Organized byGeoff KeighleyWebsitewww.summergamefest.com Summer Game Fest is a live video game event organized and hosted by game journalist Geoff Keighley.[1] The event takes p...

 

Josip Pirmajer

Slovenian footballer (1944–2018) Josip Pirmajer Pirmajer ahead of Partizan's 1966 European Cup Final versus Real MadridPersonal informationDate of birth (1944-02-14)14 February 1944Place of birth Trifail, Nazi-occupied Slovenia[a]Date of death 24 June 2018(2018-06-24) (aged 74)Place of death Srbobran, SerbiaHeight 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s) WingerYouth career Elan SrbobranSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1960–1963 RFK Novi Sad 47 (8)1964–1968 Partizan 130 (36)1968

 

Afridi

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Afridi (disambiguasi). Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2017. Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa sa...

Kimi ga Inai Mirai

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kimi ga Inai Mirai – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2010 single by Do As InfinityKimi ga Inai MiraiSingle by Do As Infinityfrom the album Eight ReleasedJanuary 20, 2010GenreJ-pop roc...

 

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Ruth Bader GinsburgRuth Bader GinsburgHakim Agung Amerika SerikatMasa jabatan10 Agustus 1993 – 18 September 2020Ditunjuk olehBill ClintonPendahuluByron WhitePenggantiAmy Coney Barrett Informasi pribadiLahirJoan Ruth Bader(1933-03-15)15 Maret 1933Brooklyn, New York City, A.S.Meninggal18 September 2020(2020-09-18) (umur 87)Washington, D.C., A.S.Suami/istriMartin Ginsburg ​ ​(m. 1954; meninggal 2010)​AnakJane C. GinsburgJames Steven...

 

E. Allan Wendt

Ambassador E. Allan WendtWendt (right) shaking hands with Ronald Reagan in 19881st United States Ambassador to SloveniaIn officeMay 26, 1993 – September 12, 1995PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byVictor Jackovich Personal detailsBorn1935 (age 87–88)Illinois, U.S.ProfessionDiplomat E. Allan Wendt (born 1935) is an American diplomat. He was the first United States Ambassador to Slovenia from 1993 to 1995.[1][2] Biography Wendt was...

List of Magic: The Gathering Grand Prix events

This is a list of all Grand Prix tournaments, which have been held for the Magic: The Gathering game.[1] By the end of 2018, 654 Grand Prix events have been held. From the beginning of 2019, Grand Prix events became a part of a larger event, named MagicFests. List of Grand Prix Key * Modified Standard without the Visions set n/a First day competition was split into two groups n/a First day competition was split into three groups n/a First day competition was split into four groups n/a...

 

Brown dwarf

Type of substellar object larger than a planet Artist's concept of a T-type brown dwarfComparison: most brown dwarfs are slightly larger than Jupiter (15–20%),[1] but are still up to 80 times more massive due to greater density. Image is to scale, with Jupiter's radius being 11 times that of Earth, and the Sun's radius 10 times that of Jupiter. Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main-sequence st...

 

Asosiasi Guru Fisika Amerika Serikat

Untuk kegunaan lain dari AAPT, lihat AAPT (disambiguasi). Asosiasi Guru-guru Fisika Amerika Serikat Asosiasi Guru-guru Fisika Amerika Serikat (American Association of Physics Teachers) adalah perhimpunan guru-guru fisika di Amerika Serikat yang didirikan pada 1930. Organisasi ini dibentuk untuk keperluan menyebarkan pengetahuan fisika, terutama dengan cara mengajar.[1] Terdapat lebih dari 10,000 anggota yang tinggal di lebih dari 30 negara. Publikasi AAPT meliputi dua jurnal peer-revi...

Lancashire Thunder

Lancashire ThunderPersonnelCaptainKate CrossCoachMark McInnes (2019) Alex Blackwell (2018) Stephen Titchard (2016–2017)Team informationColours  RedFounded2016Home groundOld Trafford, ManchesterSecondary home ground(s)Aigburth, LiverpoolStanley Park, BlackpoolChester Boughton Hall CC, ChesterHistoryWCSL wins0Official websiteLancashire Cricket T20 kit Lancashire Thunder were an English women's Twenty20 cricket team based in Manchester, Lancashire that competed in England’s women's...

 

The Lower Red Lion

The Lower Red Lion The Lower Red Lion is a public house at 34 and 36 Fishpool Street in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England. The building is seventeenth century and is designated Grade II with Historic England.[1] References ^ Historic England. THE LOWER RED LION (1103142). National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 August 2016. vtePubs in HertfordshireDacorum Green Dragon, Flaunden East Hertfordshire The Horns, Bull's Green The Tilbury, Datchworth White Horse, Burnham Green White...

 

Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts

Executive officer in Massachusetts Treasurer and Receiver-General of the Commonwealth of MassachusettsSeal of MassachusettsIncumbentDeb Goldbergsince January 21, 2015Government of MassachusettsTypeConstitutional officerResidenceNone officialSeatState House, Boston, MassachusettsNominatorNominating petition,Political partiesAppointerPopular voteTerm lengthFour years, no term limitConstituting instrumentConstitution of MassachusettsFormationOriginal post:May 18, 1629[1]Current form...

Emperor Kaika

9th Emperor of Japan Emperor Kaika開化天皇Emperor of JapanReign158 BC – 98 BC (traditional)[1]PredecessorKōgenSuccessorSujinBorn208 BC[2]Died98 BC (aged 110)BurialKasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi (春日率川坂上陵) (Nara)SpouseIkagashikome-no-MikotoIssueamong others...Emperor SujinPosthumous nameChinese-style shigō:Emperor Kaika (開化天皇)Japanese-style shigō:Wakayamato-nekohiko-ōbibi no Sumeramikoto (稚日本根子彦大日日天皇)HouseImperial...

 

Wimco Nagar metro station

Chennai Metro's Blue Line terminal metro station Wimco Nagar Chennai Metro stationGeneral informationLocationWimco Nagar, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600019Coordinates13°10′45″N 80°18′26″E / 13.17913°N 80.30719°E / 13.17913; 80.30719Owned byChennai MetroOperated byChennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)Line(s)Blue LinePlatformsSide platform Platform-1 → Chennai International Airport (to be extended to Kilambakkam in the future)Platform-2 → Wimco Nagar D...

 

High Street Kensington tube station

London Underground station High Street Kensington Entrance is through Kensington ArcadeHigh Street KensingtonLocation of High Street Kensington in Central LondonLocationKensington High StreetLocal authorityRoyal Borough of Kensington and ChelseaManaged byLondon UndergroundNumber of platforms4Fare zone1London Underground annual entry and exit2018 11.50 million[1]2019 11.69 million[2]2020 3.57 million[3]2021 4.45 million[4]2022 8.54 million[5]Key dates1 O...

Aga Khan Park

Public garden Aga Khan Park The Aga Khan Park is a landscaped garden that covers the space between and around the Ismaili Centre and the Aga Khan Museum, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,[1] built by Aga Khan IV and formally inaugurated by Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne on 25 May 2015.[2] The park is built on traditional Persian and Mughal style of architecture. The park was designed by the Beirut-based landscape architect Vladimir Djurovic.[3] Prior to finalizing h...

 

Mozambik

Bendera Mozambik Republik Mozambik adalah sabuah nagara di Aprika hagian selatan nang bahalatan lawan Aprika Salatan, Eswatini, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia dan Zimbabwe. Mozambik marupakan anggota Komunitas Negara-Negara Babahasa Portugis dan Persemakmuran. Uma kuta sekaligus kuta taganalnya ialah Maputo nang ta'andak di penghujung hagian selatan. Mozambik tabagi manjadi 11 provinsi: Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo ( kota), Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, and Zambezia. lbsNa...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!