Beatrice (Much Ado About Nothing)

Beatrice
Much Ado About Nothing character
A stipple engraving of Beatrice by Alessandro Zaffonato (1795)
Created byWilliam Shakespeare
Portrayed byEllen Terry
Tamsin Greig
Emma Thompson
Catherine Tate
Amy Acker
Sydney Sweeney
In-universe information
RelativesHero (cousin)
Leonato (uncle)

Beatrice is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing. In the play, she is the niece of Leonato and the cousin of Hero. Atypically for romantic heroines of the sixteenth century, she is feisty and sharp-witted; these characteristics have led some scholars to label Beatrice a protofeminist character. During the play, she is tricked into falling in love with Benedick, a soldier with whom she has a "merry war",[1] after rumours are spread that they are in love with each other.

Beatrice has been portrayed by many actors including Frances Abington, Ellen Terry, Judi Dench, Maggie Smith, Tamsin Greig, Emma Thompson, Catherine Tate, Danielle Brooks, and Amy Acker.

Origins

Shakespeare likely would have first encountered the name Beatrice in Dante's Divine Comedy in which the character of Beatrice represents divine knowledge.

Mary Augusta Scott first suggested in 1901 that Beatrice is modelled on Baldassare Castiglione's Emilia Pia from The Book of the Courtier.[2] Walter N. King described Beatrice as representing the Petrarchan archetype of "the disdainful woman of courtly love", suggesting that she was perhaps inspired by Petrarch.[3] Some critics suggest the Beatrice/Benedick plot has its origins in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso.[4][5]

Some critics see Rosalind and Berowne (Love's Labour's Lost) and Katherina and Petruchio (The Taming of the Shrew) as Shakespeare's precursors to the witty pairing of Beatrice and Benedick.[6]

Name

The name Beatrice is the Italian form of Beatrix which likely comes from the Latin viator meaning voyager or traveller.[7][8] Beatrice also means "she who blesses" or "blesser" in Latin.[9] This meaning is especially relevant given that the name Benedick means "blessed".[10]

Role in the play

Beatrice lives with her uncle Leonato and his daughter, Hero, who is her cousin, in Messina, Italy. At the outset of the play, Leonato welcomes a group of soldiers to his home including Benedick, with whom Beatrice has a "merry war".[1] Beatrice used to date Benedick, so upon their reunion Beatrice and Benedick resume fighting with each other and both declare their disinterest in marriage and the opposite sex. The prince, Don Pedro, enlists everyone to trick Beatrice and Benedick into falling in love. Hero and her gentlewoman Ursula gull Beatrice by discussing Benedick's infatuation with her knowing that Beatrice will overhear. Their trickery is successful and Beatrice vows to requite Benedick's love.

Hero, who is engaged to a young soldier, Claudio, is left at the altar and accused of being unfaithful. Beatrice is unquestioning about Hero's innocence and plays along in the friar's plan to fake Hero's death to prove her innocence. After the wedding, Benedick tells Beatrice that he loves her. After some hesitation, Beatrice reveals that she feels the same way. Benedick tells Beatrice that he will do anything for her and she asks that he "Kill Claudio".[11] Benedick denies her request and she rages at him about the injustices perpetrated against her cousin. Benedick eventually agrees, albeit reluctantly, to kill Claudio.

Later, Benedick tells Beatrice he has challenged Claudio to a duel, though she finds this insufficient. Hero is proven innocent and ends up marrying Claudio before Benedick needs to act on his promise. After some pretending, Beatrice and Benedick are compelled to admit to their true feelings when love letters they have written are revealed by Hero and Claudio. With their love revealed, Beatrice and Benedick marry, concluding the play.

Analysis

Feminist critiques

Feminist critics argue that Beatrice's wit and female power only serve to enable and maintain male power. In this interpretation, Beatrice's marriage at the end of the play represents her ultimately losing her power in order to become a wife.[12] These critics see Beatrice and Benedick's marriage at the play's conclusion as representing a curing of social abnormality.[13] On the other-hand, critics such as Barbara Everett and John Crick have described Beatrice as a protofeminist.[14] Cedric Watts noted that during the twentieth century, more and more performances favoured a feminist Beatrice with an increased combativeness.[15]

Regardless of whether Beatrice can be considered a contemporary feminist, she certainly disrupted conventional sixteenth-century gender norms.[16] Some argue that Beatrice appropriates phallic language and thereby places herself among male society.[17] Her speech is more typical of male characters of the period.[18]

"Kill Claudio"

In act 4, scene 1, Beatrice famously asks Benedick to "Kill Claudio".[11] The last portion of act 4, scene 1 is often referred to as the "Kill Claudio" sequence and has been the subject of much discussion among both actors and scholars.[19]

Some critics have argued that Beatrice's "Kill Claudio" line exposes the violence that underpins chivalric ideals.[20] William Babula argues that by demanding that Benedick kill Claudio, Beatrice refuses to be categorized and avoids the simplicity of a label such as "shrew".[21] Some scholars condemn "Kill Claudio" as being overly harsh in light of the fact that Claudio was tricked into defaming Hero.[22]

Later in the scene, Beatrice repeats the phrase "that I were a man!"[23] Phillip Collington claims that "Beatrice wishes she were a man because she wants Benedick to punish those who merely pretend to be men".[24]

Love and deception

One of the reoccurring questions asked by generations of performers and directors is whether Beatrice and Benedick actually have feelings for each other or are merely tricked into an illusion of love. Scholars such as Richard Henze see the deception of Beatrice and Benedick, that by which they are led to believe the other is in love with them, serves as an end to their individual self-deceptions that they are not in love with each other.[25]

Scholars following in Scott's footsteps believing Beatrice to be inspired by Emilia Pia, have interpreted Beatrice's concealment of her love for Benedict as a form of sprezzatura.[2] C. T. Prouty argues that Beatrice and Benedick are a pair of true lovers and are thereby the antithesis of Claudio and Hero's "mariage de convenance".[26]

Comparison to other Shakespeare heroines

G. Wilson Knight claims that Beatrice is unlike Rosaline (Love's Labour's Lost) and Rosalind (As You Like It) because she does not take a disguise but instead shows her intellect and claims space in male-dominated society.[27] Beatrice has also been compared to Katherina from The Taming of the Shrew due to their shared shrewishness.[10] Katherina and Petruchio as well as Rosaline and Berowne are seen by some to be Shakespeare's precursors to Beatrice and Benedick.[6]

Performance history

Theatre

Asia

In 1961, Zhu Xijuan played Beatrice with Shanghai xiju (Shanghai drama) at the Shanghai Theatre Academy. Zhu's performance was heavily influenced by the Stanislavski system of acting.[28]

In Terrence Knapp's 1979 production of Karasawagi, the Japanese title of Much Ado About Nothing, the characters were all given Japanese names. Beatrice was called Tori. Because of the change of setting from Messina under Spanish rule to Meji-era Japan, Beatrice's line "Kill Claudio"[11] made contextual sense due to the Japanese kinship system and principle of bushido (honour).[29]

In 1986, Much Ado About Nothing was adapted into Huangmei opera. The role of Beatrice was played by Ma Lan. There were some difficulties in adapting the character of Beatrice to the Huangmei opera format because Beatrice's audacity in deciding to remain single is incompatible with the traditional Huangmei setting of feudal China. To account for Beatrice's behaviour, Much Ado About Nothing was set in China without specifying the time period.[30]

Europe

In 1983, the Belgian Veel Leven om Niets starred Magda Cnudde as Beatrice. According to one review, the bustle of the farcical tone of the majority of the play drowned out the tension and emotion of the church scene featuring Beatrice's line "Kill Claudio".[11][31]

Christiane von Poelnitz played Beatrice in Viel Lärm um Nichts (German for Much Ado About Nothing) at the Burgtheater in Vienna in 2006.[32] Von Poelnitz's Beatrice was criticized for being unable to keep up with the men in the production. A critic described the show as a "männerverliebtes Männerspiel" (a men's game of men in love).[33] In 2013, Eva Meckbach played Beatrice in the Schaubühne production of Viel Lärm um Nichts.[34] In this production, directed by Marius von Mayenburg, both Beatrice and Benedick sang a lot.[35]

UK
Ellen Terry (right) as Beatrice c. 1870

In the 1700s, a woman known as Frances Abington played Beatrice opposite David Garrick's Benedick.[36][37] Engravings from the nineteenth century of Anna Cora Ritchie in the role of Beatrice survive, but there is no additional information about Ritchie's performance.[38] In the late nineteenth century, Ellen Terry performed the role of Beatrice opposite Henry Irving's Benedick at the Lyceum.[39][40] In 1903, Olive Kennett portrayed Beatrice.[41] Two years later, Beatrice was played by H. B. Tree.[42]

Maggie Smith played Beatrice at the Old Vic in 1965.[43] This production was broadcast for television in 1967.[44] Felicity Kendal was awarded the Evening Standard Award for "Best Actress" in 1987 for her performance as Beatrice in Elijah Moshinsky's production at the Strand Theatre.[45]

At the Royal Shakespeare Company, Beatrice has been played by Googie Withers (1958),[46] Judi Dench (1976),[47] Maggie Steed (1988),[48] Harriet Walter (2002),[49] and Tamsin Greig (2006).[50] Greig was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actress" and was the first woman to win the Critic's Circle Theatre Award for 'Best Shakespearean Performance'.[51][52]

In 2007, Zoë Wanamaker played Beatrice in a production at the National Theatre directed by Nicholas Hytner.[53] In 2011, Eve Best played Beatrice at Shakespeare's Globe in a production directed by Jeremy Herrin. The same year, Beatrice was played by Catherine Tate opposite David Tennant's Benedick as directed by Josie Rourke.[54]

As part of the Royal Shakespeare Company's World Shakespeare Festival in 2012, Meera Syal played Beatrice in a production directed by Iqbal Khan and set in India.[55][56]

In 2013, Vanessa Redgrave played Beatrice at the Old Vic under the direction of Mark Rylance.[57] In 2017, Beatriz Romilly played Beatrice at Shakespeare's Globe. This production was set in Mexico.[58] Mel Giedroyc played Beatrice in 2018 at the Rose Theatre, Kingston.[59][60]

North America

Canada

At the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Beatrice has been played by Jane Casson (1971),[61] Martha Henry (1977),[62] Maggie Smith (1980),[63] Tana Hicken (1983),[64] Tandy Cronyn (1987),[65] Goldie Semple (1991),[66] Martha Henry (1998),[67] Deborah Hay (2012),[68] and Maev Beaty (2023).[69]

Camilla Scott played Beatrice at the York Shakespeare Festival in 2004 in Ontario. The production was set during the Spanish Civil War.[70] Kate Eastwood Norris played Beatrice in a 2005 production of Much Ado About Nothing set immediately after World War II. Norris's Beatrice was described as performing "verbal jujitsu".[71]

In 2019, Rose Napoli played Beatrice in Liza Balkan's production with Shakespeare in High Park in Toronto. This production was set in the late 1990s and transformed Beatrice into an up-and-coming stand-up comic. The show began with a ten-minute set of Beatrice's comedy co-written by Balkan and Napoli.[72]

Margaret Leighton (right) as Beatrice on Broadway in 1959
United States

Margaret Leighton played Beatrice on Broadway in 1959. In 1960, Leighton was nominated for a Tony for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" for her performance.[73][74]

In 1973, Kathleen Widdoes was nominated for a "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" Tony for her portrayal of Beatrice.[75] In 1985, Sinéad Cusack was nominated for the same award for her Beatrice.[74]

In 1980, Barbara Dirickson played Beatrice with the American Conservatory Theater.[76] In 1988, Blythe Danner played Beatrice at the Delacorte Theatre as part of the New York Shakespeare Festival. While eavesdropping and being tricked into thinking that Benedick is in love with her, Beatrice hides behind a bush which is subsequently watered by Hero.[48]

Tracy Michelle Arnold as Beatrice in 2007 at the American Players Theater

In 2007, Tracy Michelle Arnold played Beatrice at the American Players Theater in Wisconsin.[77] Lily Rabe played Beatrice in 2014 at Shakespeare in the Park under the direction of Jack O'Brien.[78]

In 2019, Danielle Brooks played Beatrice in a production of Much Ado About Nothing featuring an all-black cast at Shakespeare in the Park in New York City. The production, directed by Kenny Leon, was later broadcast on television as part of PBS's “Great Performances” series.[79]

Russia

In 1936, Tsetsiliya Mansurova played Beatrice at the Vakhtangov Theatre.[80][81] This production continued, with Mansurova playing Beatrice, for at least five years.[82]

Film

In the 1964 German language adaptation, Viel Lärm um nichts, Beatrice was played by Christel Bodenstein.[83]

Emma Thompson played Beatrice in Kenneth Branagh's 1993 adaptation of the play.[84] Alison Findley referred to Beatrice as "a conduit for the film's emotional energy".[85]

In Joss Whedon's 2012 film adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing, Beatrice was played by American actress Amy Acker.[86]

Sydney Sweeney played Bea—a character based on Beatrice— in Will Gluck's 2023 romantic comedy film Anyone But You, whose plot progression was largely derivative of Much Ado About Nothing.[87]

Television and Web Series

The earliest known UK broadcast television performance of Much Ado About Nothing featured Maggie Smith as Beatrice. The production was adapted from the performance at the Old Vic and was directed for television by Franco Zeffirelli.[44]

In 2005, Sarah Parish played a modernized Beatrice as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told series of televised Shakespeare adaptations. In ShakespeaRe-Told, Beatrice is a news anchor at the fictitious local news show Wessex Tonight.[88][89]

Harriett Maire played Beatrice in the web series "Nothing Much To Do". "Nothing Much To Do" is a modern adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing told through vlogs.[90][91][92]

References

  1. ^ a b Much Ado About Nothing 1.1/60, Folger Shakespeare Library
  2. ^ a b Collington, Philip D. (2006). ""Stuffed with All Honourable Virtues": "Much Ado about Nothing" and "The Book of the Courtier"". Studies in Philology. 103 (3): 281–312. ISSN 0039-3738. JSTOR 4174852.
  3. ^ King, Walter N. (1964). "Much Ado About Something". Shakespeare Quarterly. 15 (3): 147. doi:10.2307/2868316. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 2868316.
  4. ^ Langham Bennett, Mackie (July 8, 1937). "Shakespeare's "Much Ado" and ITS Possible Italian Sources". Studies in English (17): 74. JSTOR 20779485.
  5. ^ Mueller, Martin (1994). "Shakespeare's Sleeping Beauties: The Sources of "Much Ado about Nothing" and the Play of Their Repetitions". Modern Philology. 91 (3): 297. ISSN 0026-8232. JSTOR 438435.
  6. ^ a b Shakespeare, William (2012) [1988]. "Introduction: Sources". In Mares, F. H. (ed.). Much Ado About Nothing (The New Cambridge Shakespeare). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53250-1.
  7. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Beatrice". Behind the Name. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  8. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Beatrix". Behind the Name. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  9. ^ Friedman, Michael D. (1990). ""Hush'd on Purpose to Grace Harmony": Wives and Silence in "Much Ado about Nothing"". Theatre Journal. 42 (3): 350–363. doi:10.2307/3208080. ISSN 0192-2882. JSTOR 3208080.
  10. ^ a b Langham Bennett, Mackie (July 8, 1937). "Shakespeare's "Much Ado" and ITS Possible Italian Sources". Studies in English (17): 69. JSTOR 20779485.
  11. ^ a b c d Much Ado About Nothing 4.1/303, Folger Shakespeare Library
  12. ^ Friedman, Michael D. (1990). "'Hush'd on Purpose to Grace Harmony': Wives and Silence in Much Ado About Nothing". Theatre Journal. 42 (3): 350–351. doi:10.2307/3208080. ISSN 0192-2882. JSTOR 3208080.
  13. ^ King, Walter N. (1964). "Much Ado About Something". Shakespeare Quarterly. 15 (3): 155. doi:10.2307/2868316. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 2868316. Social abnormality has been cured, then, in Beatrice and Benedick;
  14. ^ Cook, Carol (1986). ""The Sign and Semblance of Her Honor": Reading Gender Difference in Much Ado about Nothing". PMLA. 101 (2): 190, 201. doi:10.2307/462403. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 462403. S2CID 163904688.
  15. ^ William, Shakespeare (2003) [1992]. Watts, Cedric (ed.). Much Ado About Nothing. Wordsworth Classics. p. 15. ISBN 1853262544.
  16. ^ Shakespeare, William (1997). Cox, John F. (ed.). Much Ado About Nothing. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-521-59822-2.
  17. ^ Cook, Carol (1986). ""The Sign and Semblance of Her Honor": Reading Gender Difference in Much Ado about Nothing". PMLA. 101 (2): 190. doi:10.2307/462403. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 462403. S2CID 163904688.
  18. ^ Hunt, Maurice (2000). "The Reclamation of Language in Much Ado about Nothing". Studies in Philology. 97 (2): 166. ISSN 0039-3738. JSTOR 4174665.
  19. ^ Cox, J. F. (1980). "The Stage Representation of the 'Kill Claudio' Sequence in Much Ado About Nothing". Shakespeare Survey. 32. Cambridge University Press: 27–36. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521227534.003. ISBN 9781139052801.
  20. ^ Gough, Melinda J. (1999). ""Her Filthy Feature Open Showne" in Ariosto, Spenser, and "Much Ado about Nothing"". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 39 (1): 54. doi:10.2307/1556305. ISSN 0039-3657. JSTOR 1556305.
  21. ^ Babula, William (1976). ""Much Ado about Nothing" and the Spectator". South Atlantic Bulletin. 41 (1): 14. doi:10.2307/3198969. hdl:10211.1/874. ISSN 0038-2868. JSTOR 3198969.
  22. ^ Henze, Richard (1971). "Deception in Much Ado about Nothing". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 11 (2): 194. doi:10.2307/450059. ISSN 0039-3657. JSTOR 450059. Craik argues that Beatrice's "revengeful invective against Claudio ... does not justify itself" (p. 314) because Beatrice is wrong in her judgment of Claudio's guilt. I agree that Beatrice is too passionate, too much inclined to help Don John's feast of malice to its conclusion, but Claudio is not, therefore, innocent.
  23. ^ Much Ado About Nothing 4.1/317–331, Folger Shakespeare Library
  24. ^ Collington, Philip D. (2006). "'Stuffed with All Honourable Virtues': Much Ado About Nothing and The Book of the Courtier". Studies in Philology. 103 (3): 299. ISSN 0039-3738. JSTOR 4174852.
  25. ^ Henze, Richard (1971). "Deception in Much Ado about Nothing". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 11 (2): 187–201. doi:10.2307/450059. ISSN 0039-3657. JSTOR 450059.
  26. ^ Prouty, C. T. (1941). "George Whetstone, Peter Beverly, and the Sources of "Much Ado about Nothing" Author(s): C. T. Prouty". Studies in Philology. 38: 220. JSTOR 4172526.
  27. ^ Crichton, Andrew B. (1975). "Hercules Shaven: A Centering Mythic Metaphor in Much Ado About Nothing". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 16 (4): 621. ISSN 0040-4691. JSTOR 40754348.
  28. ^ Ruru, Li (1995). "The Bard in the Middle Kingdom". Asian Theatre Journal. 12 (1): 63–64. doi:10.2307/1124468. ISSN 0742-5457. JSTOR 1124468.
  29. ^ Fleck, Agnes (1981). "A Japanese Much Ado". Shakespeare Quarterly. 32 (3). Oxford University Press: 365–367. doi:10.2307/2870258. JSTOR 2870258.
  30. ^ Peide, Zha; Jia, Tian (1988). "Shakespeare in Traditional Chinese Operas". Shakespeare Quarterly. 39 (2): 204–211. doi:10.2307/2870631. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 2870631.
  31. ^ De Vos, Jozef (1984). "Shakespeare in Belgium". Shakespeare Quarterly. 35 (4): 466–467. doi:10.2307/2870168. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 2870168.
  32. ^ Festspiele, Berliner. "Theatertreffen - Viel Lärm um nichts". www.berlinerfestspiele.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  33. ^ "'Erbin. Alleinerbin.': Shakespeare im Burgtheater". Der Standard (in Austrian German). December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  34. ^ "Much Ado About Nothing". Schaubühne Berlin. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  35. ^ Tuschick, Jamal (September 4, 2013). "Die Schaubühne als Cabaret". www.kultura-extra.de. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  36. ^ Shakespeare, William (2018). Mares, F. H. (ed.). Much Ado About Nothing. with introduction by Williams, Travis D. (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9781316626733.
  37. ^ Shakespeare, William (1997). Cox, John F. (ed.). Much Ado About Nothing. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-521-59822-2.
  38. ^ "Much Ado about Nothing, Anna Cora Ritchie as Beatrice, 1819-1870 | Shakespeare's Staging". shakespeare.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  39. ^ McManus, Caroline (2003). "Subverting Romantic Comedy: Edith Wharton's Reading of Shakespeare in "The House of Mirth"". Studies in Philology. 100 (1): 91. ISSN 0039-3738. JSTOR 4174750.
  40. ^ Shakespeare, William (2018). Mares, F. H. (ed.). Much Ado About Nothing (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781316626733.
  41. ^ Wearing, J. P. (2013). The London stage, 1900-1909 : a calendar of productions, performers, and personnel. Scarecrow Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-8108-9294-1. OCLC 870291821.
  42. ^ Wearing, J. P. (2013). The London stage, 1900-1909 : a calendar of productions, performers, and personnel. Scarecrow Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-8108-9294-1. OCLC 870291821.
  43. ^ Billington, Michael (2014-04-17). "Best Shakespeare productions: Much Ado About Nothing". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  44. ^ a b "Dame Again - Early 'lost' Maggie Smith appearance painstakingly restored". BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  45. ^ Pilkington, Sue (2015-12-01). "Felicity Kendal: 'No, I'm not obedient and nice ... I'm utterly independent'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  46. ^ Barker, Dennis (2011-07-16). "Googie Withers obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  47. ^ "The top ten Beatrice and Benedicks". The Telegraph. London. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  48. ^ a b Berg, Fredric (1989). "Review of Much Ado About Nothing". Theatre Journal. 41 (3): 403–405. doi:10.2307/3208191. ISSN 0192-2882. JSTOR 3208191.
  49. ^ Jackson, Russell (2003). "Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon: Summer and Winter, 2002–2003". Shakespeare Quarterly. 54 (2): 167–185. doi:10.1353/shq.2003.0073. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 3844174. S2CID 191531623.
  50. ^ Billington, Michael (2006-05-19). "Much Ado About Nothing, Swan, Stratford-upon-Avon". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  51. ^ Greenstreet, Rosanna (2012-08-03). "Q&A: Tamsin Greig". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  52. ^ Chappet, Marie-Claire (2011-10-04). "Tamsin Greig: career timeline". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  53. ^ Billington, Michael (2007-12-19). "Theatre review: Much Ado About Nothing / Olivier, London". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  54. ^ Clapp, Susannah (2011-06-04). "Much Ado About Nothing, Wyndham's; Much Ado About Nothing, Globe – review". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  55. ^ Cavendish, Lucy (2012-07-26). "Much Ado About Nothing: Much ado about Meera Syal". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  56. ^ Billington, Michael (2012-08-02). "Much Ado About Nothing – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  57. ^ Billington, Michael (2013-09-19). "Much Ado About Nothing – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  58. ^ Wolf, Matt (2017-08-24). "A Mexican-Style Much Ado About Nothing". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  59. ^ Billington, Michael (2018-04-19). "Much Ado About Nothing review – Mel Giedroyc blazes through Great Sicilian Bake Off". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  60. ^ Mountford, Fiona (2018-04-19). "Mel Giedroyc lacks key ingredients in Much Ado About Nothing". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  61. ^ Goodland, Katharine; O'Connor, John (2010). A Directory of Shakespeare in Performance 1970-1990: Canada and USA. Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-349-60041-0. OCLC 1104727347.
  62. ^ Goodland, Katharine; O'Connor, John (2010). A Directory of Shakespeare in Performance 1970-1990: Canada and USA. Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-349-60041-0. OCLC 1104727347.
  63. ^ Goodland, Katharine; O'Connor, John (2010). A Directory of Shakespeare in Performance 1970-1990: Canada and USA. Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-349-60041-0. OCLC 1104727347.
  64. ^ Goodland, Katharine; O'Connor, John (2010). A Directory of Shakespeare in Performance 1970-1990: Canada and USA. Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-349-60041-0. OCLC 1104727347.
  65. ^ Goodland, Katharine; O'Connor, John (2010). A Directory of Shakespeare in Performance 1970-1990: Canada and USA. Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-349-60041-0. OCLC 1104727347.
  66. ^ Geoff, Chapman (May 30, 1991). "Monette makes much of Ado About Nothing". Toronto Star. p. C1.
  67. ^ "[Stage]: [1 Edition]". Toronto Star. September 10, 1998.
  68. ^ "Much Ado: Stratford Festival's Much Ado About Nothing". Critics at Large. 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  69. ^ "Spotlight: Maev Beaty". Intermission Magazine. 2023-06-23. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  70. ^ "Out of Town: [ONT Edition]". Toronto Star. July 15, 2004.
  71. ^ Hocking, Bree (October 25, 2005). "In Much Ado, All's Fair in Love and War". Roll Call.
  72. ^ Maga, Carly (13 July 2019). "This Much Ado About Nothing gives Shakespeare a 1990s romcom sensibility". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  73. ^ Zolotow, Sam (1959-04-14). "Gielgud to Bring Much Ado Here; He Will Co-Star for 8 Weeks with Margaret Leighton – Equity Accuses League". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  74. ^ a b "Much Ado About Nothing Tony Awards Info". www.broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  75. ^ Gussow, Mel (1972-12-04). "Making of Much Ado: A March In Ragtime to Broadway and TV". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  76. ^ Jacobs, Laurence H. (1981). "Shakespeare in the San Francisco Bay Area". Shakespeare Quarterly. 32 (2): 263–267. doi:10.2307/2870048. ISSN 0037-3222. JSTOR 2870048.
  77. ^ Cleaveland, Carrie (25 June 2007). "'Much Ado' Deserves its Due". PlayShakespeare.com: Free Shakespeare Resource. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  78. ^ Teachout, Terry (June 19, 2014). "Much Ado About Nothing". The Wall Street Journal.
  79. ^ Dickie, George (November 17, 2019). "All-black 'Much Ado About Nothing' brings Shakespeare into 21st century on PBS". Boston Herald. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  80. ^ "Much Ado About Nothing (1936)". www.vakhtangov.ru. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  81. ^ Senelick, Laurence (2015). Historical dictionary of Russian theatre. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-4422-4927-1. OCLC 919002430.
  82. ^ Blum, Eugene (July 1945). "Shakspere in the USSR". The Shakespeare Association Bulletin. 20 (3): 99–102. ISSN 0270-8604. JSTOR 23675387.
  83. ^ Viel Lärm um nichts at IMDb
  84. ^ Ebert, Roger (May 21, 1993). "Much Ado About Nothing movie review (1993) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  85. ^ Findlay, Alison (2011). "5. The Play on Screen". Much Ado About Nothing: a guide to the play and performance. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230222618 – via Google Books.
  86. ^ Shoard, Catherine (2012-09-13). "Much Ado About Nothing – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  87. ^ Flam, Charna (19 October 2023). "'Anyone but You' Trailer: Sydney Sweeney and Glen Powell Show Off Their Chemistry in Steamy Rom-Com". Variety. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  88. ^ Much Ado About Nothing, retrieved 2020-02-15
  89. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (2006-08-04). "Timeless Tales With a Modern Twist in 'ShakespeaRe-Told'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  90. ^ "Nothing Much To Do Official Trailer | The Candle Wasters". YouTube. July 27, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  91. ^ "Nothing Much To Do". The Candle Wasters. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  92. ^ Gergorio, Trisha (2015-12-03). "[REVIEW] Nothing Much To Do". The Silhouette. Retrieved 2020-02-15.

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!