Barry Smith (ontologist)

Barry Smith
Born	(1952-06-04) 4 June 1952 (age 72) Bury, England
Citizenship	American
Education	University of Oxford University of Manchester (PhD, 1976)
Known for	Truthmaker theory European Society for Analytic Philosophy IFOMIS OBO Foundry Basic Formal Ontology
Awards	Wolfgang Paul Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
Scientific career
Fields	Ontology Philosophy Biomedical Informatics
Institutions	University of Manchester University of Sheffield International Academy of Philosophy, Liechtenstein University at Buffalo
Thesis	The Ontology of Reference: Studies in Logic and Phenomenology (1976)
Doctoral advisor	Wolfe Mays
Doctoral students	Berit Brogaard David Koepsell
Other notable students	Amie Thomasson
Website	ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/

Barry Smith (born 4 June 1952) is an academic working in the field of Applied Ontology. Smith is the author of more than 700 scientific publications, including 15 authored or edited books. He is one of the most widely cited living philosophers.^[1]

Education and career

From 1970 to 1973 Smith studied Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He obtained his PhD from the University of Manchester in 1976 for a dissertation on ontology and reference in Husserl and Frege.^[2] The dissertation was supervised by Wolfe Mays.

Among the cohort of graduate students supervised by Mays in Manchester at that time were Kevin Mulligan (Geneva/Lugano), and Peter Simons (Trinity College, Dublin). Both shared with Smith an interest in analytic metaphysics and in the contributions of turn-of-the-century Continental philosophers and logicians to central issues of analytic philosophy.^[3] In 1979 they together founded the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy,^[4] which organized workshops and conferences centered around the work of early Central European philosophers from Bolzano to Tarski and their impact on subsequent generations. A central role in this respect was played by Husserl's contributions to formal ontology.^[5] One prominent supporter was Roderick Chisholm, who in his Intellectual Autobiography published in 1997^[6] describes the 'significant role' played by these meetings in contemporary philosophy.

From 1976 to 1994 Smith held appointments at the University of Sheffield (1976–1979), the University of Manchester (1979–1989) and the International Academy of Philosophy, Liechtenstein (1989–1994). In 1994 he moved to the University at Buffalo (New York, USA),^[7] where he is currently Julian Park Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Affiliate Professor of Biomedical Informatics, and of Computer Science and Engineering. His students in Buffalo included: Berit Brogaard, Professor of Philosophy, University of Miami; Bill Mandrick, Associate Director (Ontology), RTX Corporation; Neil Otte, Senior Ontologist, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab; and Leo Zaibert, Hirsch Professor of Penal Theory and Ethics in the University of Cambridge.^[8]

From 2002 to 2006 Smith served as founding Director of the Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS), initially in Leipzig^[9] and then, from 2004, in Saarbrücken.

In 2005 Smith founded the National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR), under the auspices of which he initiated in 2006 the Ontology for the Intelligence Community, subsequently STIDS,^[10] conference series. In 2009 he founded the International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO).^[11][12]

From 1992 to 2016 Smith served as editor of The Monist: An International Quarterly Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry.

From 2016 he served as editor of international standard ISO/IEC 21838: Top Level Ontologies, Parts 1 and 2, which were published by ISO in 2021. Part 1^[13] specifies the requirements for being a top-level (which means: domain-neutral) ontology. Part 2^[14] is devoted to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). In September 2022 the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung pointed to the fact that BFO is the first example of a piece of philosophy that has been elevated to the status of an industrial norm, describing this as a 'small sensation in the history of science'.^[15]

Since 2019 Smith has served as visiting professor at the University of Italian Switzerland.^[16]

In 2024 Smith initiated with John Beverley^[17] Masters and PhD programs in Applied Ontology. Initial intake of over 20 students will occur in August 2024.

Research activities

Ontology

From the beginning of his career Smith has worked in the field of ontology, initially on the history of ontology as a sub-discipline of philosophy in the tradition of Brentano, Husserl, Reinach and Ingarden.^[18] A special focus was on the theory of ontological dependence and part-whole relations proposed by Husserl,^[19][20] a theory which was applied by Husserl's students for example to the understanding of the ontology of mental and linguistic acts.^[21] In 1984 he published together with Mulligan and Simons the paper "Truth-Makers".^[22] This paper helped to launch truthmaker theory,^[23][24][25] a still active research program at the borderlines of logic, semantics and philosophical ontology that is based on a new understanding of the correspondence theory of truth.

In the 1990s Smith worked closely with David Mark, one of the founders of geographic information science (GIS), on initiatives in the field of geospatial ontology. In this connection he introduced the idea of fiat objects^[26] to describe (often rectangular) geospatial entities, such as postal districts and real estate parcels, which are not separated from their surroundings by any physical discontinuity. This terminology has established itself in the GIS community,^[27] and it has also been generalized into other fields.^[28][29]

Since 2000 much of Smith's research has been centered on the application of ontology in biomedical informatics, where he has worked on a variety of projects relating to biomedical terminologies and electronic health records.^[30] He is a founding Coordinating Editor of the OBO Foundry^[31] and has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium and of the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI).^[32] He contributes to the development of a number of biological and biomedical ontologies, including the Protein Ontology,^[33] the Plant Ontology,^[34] and others. Between 2005 and 2015 he was a co-PI of the NIH National Center for Biomedical Ontology,^[35] where he was responsible especially for dissemination of ontology best practices and for providing training opportunities for biomedical ontologists.^[36] Between 2013 and 2018 he served as ontology lead on the NIAID ImmPort project.^[37][38][39]

Smith works also on the ontology of social reality, particularly in connection with the work of John Searle.^[40] He serves as consultant to Hernando de Soto, Director of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy in Peru, on projects relating to the advancement of property and business rights among the poor in developing countries.^[41] De Soto's work is based on the crucial role of documents -- title deeds, stocks and shares, insurance policies -- in ensuring the sorts of rights with which we are accustomed in developed economies. Drawing on De Soto's work Smith proposed a theory of document acts that would parallel the theory of speech acts developed by Reinach in 1913 and then by J. L. Austin and Searle in the 1960s.^[42][43]

Intelligence, Defense and Security

Since 2008 Smith has worked on ontology initiatives in the military and intelligence field. In 2008–2010 he served as technical lead on a project sponsored by the US Army Net-Centric Data Strategy Center of Excellence (ANCDS CoE) to create the Universal Core Semantic Layer (UCore-SL). Since 2010 he was worked on a series of initiatives sponsored by the US Army Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD) to create a framework for semantic enhancement of intelligence data in the Cloud. Since 2014 he is collaborator on initiatives of the US Air Force Research Laboratory on planning, mission assurance, and lifecycle management. In this connection he has worked on the creation of an ontology for joint military doctrine,^[44] designed to support the use of information technology in joint operations by allowing computational access to the contents of Joint Doctrine publications.^[45] He has also contributed to the ecosystem of Space Domain Ontologies created under the direction of CUBRC in Buffalo,^[46] and he is one of the founding members of the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community Ontology Working Group (DIOWG).

In January 2024 a Memorandum was signed by the Chief Data Officers of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and of the DOD Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office (CDAIO) establishing BFO as baseline framework for ontology development in the DOD and Intelligence Community.^[47][48]

Industrial Ontologies Foundry

Since 2016 Smith has been centrally involved in the Industrial Ontologies Foundry (IOF) initiative,^[49] which is creating a set of open ontologies to support the data needs of the manufacturing and engineering industries in a way that will advance data interoperability. Basic Formal Ontology, which serves as the top-level hub of the IOF, has been applied in the development of ontologies in many areas of engineering,^[50] including maintenance,^[51] supply chain,^[52] product life cycle,^[53] and additive manufacturing.^[54]

Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems

In 2022 Smith published with the German scientist Jobst Landgrebe Why Machines Will Never Rule the World. Artificial Intelligence Without Fear.^[55][56] The book defends the thesis that there are strict limits to what AI can achieve. For stochastic AI, the limits rest on the fact that, for a stochastic algorithm to work requires training data which are representative of the data in the target domain. Training data which satisfy this requirement can be achieved in relation to simple systems. Where complex systems^[57] are involved, however, as is the case for all systems involving organisms, features of the target domain are always changing in unforeseeable ways, and each such change has the potential to deprive the training data of its representativeness. For deterministic AI, the problems are similar, because there the models require very strict regularities of a sort which we do not generally find in complex systems.

Recognition

• 1984–85, 1994 Humboldt Fellow, University of Erlangen (1984-85), University of Hamburg (1994), University of Konstanz (1994)
• 1999 Fellow of the American Philosophical Society
• 2002 Wolfgang Paul Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation^[58]
• 2004 SUNY Distinguished Professor^[59]
• 2010 First Paolo Bozzi Prize for Ontology, University of Turin^[60]
• 2014 Fellow of the American College of Medical Informatics (FACMI)^[61]

Leo Zaibert's The Theory and Practice of Ontology (2016)^[62] and Gloria Zúñiga y Postigo and Gerald J. Erion's Barry Smith an sich (2017)^[63] are Festschrifts dedicated to Smith containing studies of his work by colleagues and students.

Bibliography

• Publications by Barry Smith, Cosmos + Taxis 4 (4):67-104 (2017)
• Kevin Mulligan, Peter Simons and Barry Smith, "What’s Wrong with Contemporary Philosophy?", Topoi, 25 (1-2), 2006, 63–67.

Books

• Structure and Gestalt: Philosophy and Literature in Austria-Hungary and Her Successor States (ed.), 1981.
• Parts and Moments. Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology (ed.), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia, 1982.
• Foundations of Gestalt Theory (ed.), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia, 1988.
• Adolf Reinach, Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Ausgabe mit Kommentar, Band I: Die Werke, Teil I: Kritische Neuausgabe (1905–1914), Teil II: Nachgelassene Texte (1906–1917); Band II: Kommentar und Textkritik (ed. with Karl Schuhmann), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia 1989.
• Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology, 2 vols. (ed. with Hans Burkhardt), Munich/Vienna: Philosophia, 1991.
• Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano, Chicago-LaSalle, Open Court, 1994.
• The Cambridge Companion to Husserl (ed., with David W. Smith), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• Rationality and Irrationality (ed., with Berit Brogaard), Vienna: öbv&hpt, 2001.
• Formal Ontology in Information Systems (ed., with Christopher Welty), New York: ACM Press, 2001.
• John Searle (ed.), Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Applied Ontology: An Introduction (ed. with K. Munn), 2008.
• The Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality (ed. with David Mark and Isaac Ehrlich), Chicago: Open Court, 2008.
• Biomedizinische Ontologie. Wissen strukturieren für den Informatik-Einsatz (ed. with Ludger Jansen), Zurich: vdf, 2008.
• Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, with Robert Arp and Andrew Spear, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015. Chinese translation, published by the Peking Medical Publishing House in October 2020.
• Why Machines Will Never Rule the World. Artificial Intelligence Without Fear (with Jobst Landgrebe), Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2022, ISBN 978-1-00-331010-5.

References

1. The order among living philosophers at scholar.google.com is: Kimlycka, Clark, Chalmers, Smith.
2. Smith, Barry (1976). The Ontology of Reference: Studies in Logic and Phenomenology (PhD thesis). University of Manchester.
3. Mark Textor (ed.), The Austrian Contribution to Analytic Philosophy, Routledge, 2006. ISBN 9780415404051.
4. Axel Bühler, "Drei Briten in Kakanien", Information Philosophie, 3 (1987), 22–33.
5. Sébastien Richard, "Object and Something in General in Contemporary Formal Ontology", in Fosca Mariani Zini (ed.), The Meaning of Something, Springer, 2022. 133-149. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-09610-5_6
6. Roderick M. Chisholm, "My philosophical development", in L. E. Hahn (ed.), The Philosophy of Roderick Chisholm (Library of Living Philosophers), Chicago and La Salle, IL, 1997, p. 17.
7. Barry Smith – CV
8. "Professor Leo Zaibert". September 2022.
9. History of IFOMIS
10. STIDS
11. International Conference on Biomedical Ontology
12. Barry Smith, ed., Proceedings of the First International Conference on Biomedical Ontology, Buffalo, New York, July 24–26, 2009. [1], last accessed August 25, 2017.
13. ISO/IEC 21838: Top Level Ontologies, Part 1
14. ISO/IEC 21838: Top Level Ontologies, Part 2
15. "Begriffe in Schichten: Die 'Basic Formal Ontology' erbringt Dienstleistungen für die Medizin. Das wurde jetzt mit der Anerkennung als Industriestandard gewürdigt", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 September 2022.
16. "Professors". usi.ch - Master in Philosophy. 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
17. "John Beverley".
18. Marco Tedeschini, From Phenomenology to Formal Ontology: How Barry Smith and Kevin Mulligan Made Husserl’s Descriptive Psychology into a Form of Realism, Archivio di filosofia, 83 (3), 2015, 177-188.
19. Fabrice Correia, "Ontological Dependence", Philosophy Compass 3/5 (2008): 1013–1032, 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00170.x
20. Kit Fine, "Part-Whole", Cambridge Companion to Husserl, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
21. Kevin Mulligan, ed., Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology, Reidel, 1987.
22. Kevin Mulligan, Peter Simons and Barry Smith, Truth-Makers, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 44 (1984), 287-321.
23. D. M. Armstrong, Truth and Truthmakers, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
24. Fraser MacBride, "Truthmakers", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2013).
25. Philip Larrey, From Searle’s Speech Acts to Smith’s Truth-Makers, Raffaela Giovagnoli and Robert Lowe (eds.), The Logic of Social Practices, New York: Springer, 2020, 37-48.
26. Barry Smith, "Fiat Objects", Topoi, 20: 131–148, 2001.
27. Kim Lowell, "Fiat boundaries: some implications for interpretation, decision-support, and multi-temporal analysis." Environmental and ecological statistics 15 (2008): 369-383.
28. Richard Davies (ed.), Natural and Artifactual Objects in Contemporary Metaphysics. Exercises in Analytic Ontology, London: Bloomsbury, 2019.
29. L. Vogt, P. Grobe, B. Quast, T. Bartolomaeus, "Fiat or Bona Fide Boundary — A Matter of Granular Perspective", PLoS ONE, 7(12): e48603.
30. Martin Berzell, Electronic Healthcare Ontologies: Philosophy, the Real World and IT Structures, Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, 2010, No. 517. [2]
31. Barry Smith, et al., "The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration", Nature Biotechnology 25, 1251-1255 (2007). doi:10.1038/nbt1346
32. Anita Bandrowski, et al., The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations, PLOS One, April 29, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154556
33. Protein Ontology
34. Ramona Lynn Walls, Laurel Cooper, Justin Lee Elser, Maria Alejandra Gandolfo, Christopher J Mungall, Barry Smith, Dennis William Stevenson, Pankaj Jaiswal, "The Plant Ontology facilitates comparisons of plant development stages across species", Frontiers in Plant Science, June 4, 2019, 10, 631. [3]
35. "UB part of new NIH center: Focus of work is biomedical ontology".
36. Chelsea Wald, “More Than Words”, ‘’Science’’, 2011/02, doi:10.1126/science.caredit.a1100012
37. NIAID ImmPort project
38. "UB ontologists named to major NIH immunology research team".
39. Bhattacharya, Sanchita; Dunn, Patrick; Thomas, Cristel G.; Smith, Barry; Schaefer, Henry; Chen, Jieming; Hu, Zicheng; Zalocusky, Kelly A.; Shankar, Ravi D.; Shen-Orr, Shai S.; Thomson, Elizabeth; Wiser, Jeffrey; Butte, Atul J. (2018). "ImmPort, toward repurposing of open access immunological assay data for translational and clinical research". Scientific Data. 5: 180015. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.15. PMC 5827693. PMID 29485622.
40. Bauwens M. "Institutions as dispositions: Searle, Smith and the metaphysics of blind chess". Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior 2018;1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12161
41. Smith, B. Searle and De Soto: The New Ontology of the Social World. In B. Smith, D. Mark & I. Ehrlich (eds.), The Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality. Chicago: Open Court. pp. 35-51 (2008)
42. B. Smith, “How to Do Things with Documents”, Rivista di Estetica, 50 (2012), 179-198.
43. B. Smith, “Document Acts”, in A. Konzelmann Ziv and H. B. Schmid (eds.), Institutions, Emotions, and Group Agents. Contributions to Social Ontology, Dordrecht: Springer, 2014, 19-31.
44. Peter Morosoff, Ron Rudnicki, Jason Bryant, Robert Farrell & Barry Smith, "Joint Doctrine Ontology: A Benchmark for Military Information Systems Interoperability", Semantic Technology for Intelligence, Defense and Security (STIDS), CEUR vol. 1325, 2015, pp. 2-9.
45. Joint Doctrine Hierarchy
46. Alexander P. Cox, et al., The Space Domain Ontologies. In National Symposium on Sensor & Data Fusion Committee (2021)
47. "Baseline Standards for Formal Ontology within the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community" (PDF). March 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2024.
48. Bert Gambini, DOD, Intelligence Community adopt resource developed by UB ontologists, University at Buffalo News Center, 28 February 2024.
49. Industrial Ontologies Foundry
50. "BFO-Based Engineering Ontologies - NCOR Wiki".
51. Hedi Karray, Farhad Ameri, Melinda Hodkiewicz, Thierry Louge, ROMAIN: Towards a BFO compliant reference ontology for industrial maintenance, Applied ontology, vol. 14, no. 2, 179-197.
52. Ana Correia, Dragan Stokic, Rebecca Siafaka, Sebastian Scholze, Ontology for Collaborative Development of Product Service Systems based on Basic Formal Ontology, 2017 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC).
53. J. Neil Otte, Dimitris Kiritsis, Munira Binti Mohd Ali, Ruoyu Yang, Binbin Zhang, Ron Rudnicki, Rahul Rai, Barry Smith, An Ontological Approach to Representing the Product Life Cycle, Applied Ontology, vol. 14, no. 2, 155-177.
54. Thomas J. Hagedorn, Sundar Krishnamurty & Ian R. Grosse, A Knowledge-Based Method for Innovative Design for Additive Manufacturing Supported by Modular Ontologies, Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 18(2), 021009 (Mar 19, 2018).
55. Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith, Why Humans Will Never Rule the World. Artificial Intelligence Without Fear, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2022, ISBN 978-1-00-331010-5.
56. Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass, Why Machines Will Never Rule the World, 2024. Finalist in the Astral Codex Top Ten Book Review Contest.
57. Stefan Thurner, Rudolf Hanel, & Peter Klimek, Introduction to the Theory of Complex Systems, Oxford University Press, 2018.
58. "The Wolfgang Paul Award". Archived from the original on 22 April 2016.
59. "SUNY Distinguished Professors".
60. "The Paolo Bozzi Prize for Ontology".
61. "Barry Smith named Fellow of American College of Medical Informatics".
62. Leo Zaibert, ed. (2016). The Theory and Practice of Ontology. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 9781137552778.
63. Cosmos + Taxis. Studies in Emergent Order and Organization, 4 (4), June 2017. [4]

External links

• Barry Smith's faculty page at the University at Buffalo
• National Center for Ontological Research
• WorldCat au:Barry Smith (1952)