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An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific art philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered a new avant-garde movement. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality (figurative art). By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new style which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy (abstract art).^[1]

Concept

According to theories associated with modernism and also the concept of postmodernism, art movements are especially important during the period of time corresponding to modern art.^[2] The period of time called "modern art" is posited to have changed approximately halfway through the 20th century and art made afterward is generally called contemporary art. Postmodernism in visual art begins and functions as a parallel to late modernism^[3] and refers to that period after the "modern" period called contemporary art.^[4] The postmodern period began during late modernism (which is a contemporary continuation of modernism), and according to some theorists postmodernism ended in the 21st century.^[5]^[6] During the period of time corresponding to "modern art" each consecutive movement was often considered a new avant-garde.^[5]

Also during the period of time referred to as "modern art" each movement was seen corresponding to a somewhat grandiose rethinking of all that came before it, concerning the visual arts. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works and artists included in an art movement. Verbal expression and explanation of movements has come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto,^[7]^[8] and sometimes from art critics and others who may explain their understanding of the meaning of the new art then being produced.

In the visual arts, many artists, theorists, art critics, art collectors, art dealers and others mindful of the unbroken continuation of modernism and the continuation of modern art even into the contemporary era, ascribe to and welcome new philosophies of art as they appear.^[9]^[10] Postmodernist theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era.^[11]^[12] There are many theorists however who doubt as to whether or not such an era was actually a fact;^[5] or just a passing fad.^[6]^[13]

The term refers to tendencies in visual art, novel ideas and architecture, and sometimes literature. In music it is more common to speak about genres and styles instead. See also cultural movement, a term with a broader connotation.^{[citation needed]}

As the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix (for example cubism and futurism), they are sometimes referred to as isms.

19th century

Jacques-Louis David, The Coronation of Napoleon, (1806), Musée du Louvre, neoclassicism
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830, Romanticism
Thomas Cole, The Course of Empire: The Savage State, 1836, Hudson River School
Gustave Courbet, Stone-Breakers, 1849, Realist School
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, c. 1867, Ville d'Avray National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Barbizon School^[14]
Claude Monet, Haystacks, (sunset), 1890–1891, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Impressionism
Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, Post-Impressionism
Edvard Munch, The Scream, early example of Expressionism

Academic, c. 16th century–20th century
Aesthetic Movement
American Barbizon school
American Impressionism
Amsterdam Impressionism
Art Nouveau, c. 1890–1910
Arts and Crafts Movement, founded 1860s
Barbizon school, c. 1830s–1870s
Biedermeier, c. 1815–1848
Cloisonnism, c. 1888–1900s (decade)
Danish Golden Age c. 1800s-1850s
Decadent movement
Divisionism, c. 1880s–1910s
Düsseldorf School
Etching revival
Expressionism, c. 1890s–1930s
German Romanticism, c. 1790s–1850s
Gründerzeit
Hague School, c. 1860s–1890s
Heidelberg School, c. 1880s–1900s (decade)
Hoosier Group
Hudson River School, c. 1820s–1900s (decade)
Hurufiyya movement mid-20th-century in North Africa and the Middle East
Impressionism, c. 1860s–1920s
Incoherents, c. 1882-1890s
Jugendstil
Les Nabis, c. 1890s–1900s (decade)
Les Vingt
Letras y figuras, c. 1845–1900s
Luminism
Lyon School
Macchiaioli c. 1850s–1900s (decade)
Mir iskusstva, founded 1898
Modernism, c. 1860s-ongoing
Naturalism
Nazarene, c. 1810s–1830
Neo-classicism, c. 1780s–1900s (decade)
Neo-impressionism, c. 1880s–1910s
Norwegian romantic nationalism, c. 1840–1867
Norwich School, founded 1803
Orientalism
Peredvizhniki
Pointillism, c. 1880s–1910s
Pont-Aven School, c. 1850s–1890s
Post-Impressionism, c. 1880s–1900s (decade)
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
Realism, c. 1850s–1900s (decade)
Realism, c. 1850s–1900s (decade)
Romanticism, c. 1750s–1890s
Secession groups, c. 1890s–1910s
Society of American Artists, c. 1877–1906
Spanish Eclecticism, c. 1845-1890s
Symbolism
Synthetism, c. 1877–1900s (decade)
Tipos del País
Tonalism, c. 1880–1915
Vienna Secession, founded 1897
Volcano School
White Mountain art, c. 1820s–1870s
Spiritualist art, c. 1870–

20th century

1900–1921

Wassily Kandinsky, 1903, Der Blaue Reiter painting, Der Blaue Reiter 21.1 cm × 54.6 cm (8.3 in × 21.5 in)
Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, Picasso's Rose Period
Henri Matisse, The Open Window, 1905, Fauvism
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907, Proto-Cubism
Georges Braque 1910, Analytic Cubism
Kazimir Malevich, (Supremus No. 58), Museum of Art, 1916, Suprematism
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, Dada
Albert Gleizes, Woman with Black Glove, 1920, Crystal Cubism
Piet Mondrian, Tableau I, 1921, De Stijl

Academic, c. 1900s (decade)-ongoing
American realism, c. 1890s–1920s
Analytic Cubism, c. 1909–1912
Art Deco, c. 1910–1939
Ashcan School, c. 1890s–1920s
Australian tonalism, c. 1910s–1930s
Berliner Sezession, founded 1898
Bloomsbury Group, c. 1900s (decade)–1960s
Brandywine School
Camden Town Group, c. 1911–1913
Constructivism, c. 1920–1922, 1920s–1940s
Cubism, c. 1906–1919
Cubo-Futurism, c. 1912–1918
Czech Cubism, c. 1910–1914
Dada, c. 1916–1922
Der Blaue Reiter, c. 1911–1914
De Stijl, c. 1917–1931
Deutscher Werkbund, founded 1907
Die Brücke, founded 1905
Expressionism, c. 1890s–1930s
Fauvism, c. 1900–1910
Futurism, c. 1909–1916
German Expressionism, c. 1913–1930
Group of Seven (Canada), c. 1913–1930s
Jack of Diamonds, founded 1909
Luminism (Impressionism), c. 1900s (decade)–1930s
Modernism, c. 1860s–ongoing
Neo-classicism, c. 1900s (decade)–ongoing
Neo-primitivism, from 1913
Neue Künstlervereinigung München
Novembergruppe, founded 1918
Objective abstraction, c. 1933–1936
Orphism, c. 1910–1913
Photo-Secession, founded c. 1902
Pittura Metafisica, c. 1911–1920
Proto-Cubism, c. 1906–1908
Purism, c. 1917–1930s
Rayonism
Section d'Or, c. 1912–1914
Suprematism, formed c. 1915–1916
Synchromism, founded 1912
Synthetic Cubism, c. 1912–1919
The Eight, c. 1909–1918
The Ten, c. 1897–1920
Vorticism, founded 1914

1920–1945

Theo van Doesburg, Composition XX, 1920, De Stijl
Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921, Tate, Surrealism
Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, 1928, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Precisionism
Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930, Art Institute of Chicago, Social Realism

American Scene painting, c. 1920s–1950s
Arbeitsrat für Kunst
Art Deco
Bauhaus, c. 1919–1933
Concrete art
Der Ring
De Stijl, c. 1917–1931
École de Paris
Geometric abstraction
Gruppo 7
International Style, c. 1920s–1970s
Kapists, c. 1930s
Magic realism
Neo-romanticism
Neue Sachlichkeit
Novecento Italiano
Novembergruppe, founded 1918
Os renovadores, founded 1922
Precisionism, c. 1918–1940s
Regionalism (art), c. 1930s–1940s
Return to order, 1918–1922
Scuola Romana, c. 1928–1945
Social Realism, c. 1920s–1960s
Socialist Realism
Surrealism, c. 1920s–1960s
Universal Constructivism, c. 1930–1970

1940–1965

Arshile Gorky, *The Liver is the Cock's Comb* (1944), oil on canvas, 731⁄4 × 98" (186 × 249 cm) Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gorky was an Armenian-born American painter who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends."^[15]

1965–2000

Art & Language, Untitled Painting (1965), Tate, Conceptual art
Art & Language, Art-Language Vol.3 No.1 (1974), Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art, Conceptual art
Tony Smith, She Who Must Be Obeyed, 1975, Tony Smith Department of Labour Building, Minimalism
Dan Flavin, Untitled (Corner Piece), 1930, Tate Liverpool, Installation art

21st century

References

^ Mel Gooding, Abstract Art, Tate Publishing, London, 2000
^ Man of his words: Pepe Karmel on Kirk Varnedoe — Passages – Critical Essay Artforum, Nov, 2003 by Pepe Karmel
^ The Originality of the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths Rosalind E. Krauss, Publisher: The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 9, 1986), Part I, Modernist Myths, pp.8–171
^ The Citadel of Modernism Falls to Deconstructionists, – 1992 critical essay, The Triumph of Modernism, 2006, Hilton Kramer, pp 218–221.
^ ^a ^b ^c Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture Charles Jencks
^ ^a ^b William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-century Thought, University of Chicago Press, 1997, p4. ISBN 0-226-22480-5
^ "Poetry of the Revolution. Marx, Manifestos, and the Avant-Gardes" introduction, Martin Puchner Archived 2005-12-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 4, 2006
^ "Looking at Artists' Manifestos, 1945–1965", Stephen B. Petersen Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 4, 2006
^ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism Archived 2019-09-01 at the Wayback Machine, seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006
^ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism Archived 2019-09-01 at the Wayback Machine, William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, Oct 31, 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism Retrieved October 26, 2011
^ Ideas About Art by Desmond, Kathleen K. [1], John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148
^ International postmodernism: theory and literary practice, Bertens, Hans [2], Routledge, 1997, p.236
^ "The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 | Philosophy Now". philosophynow.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
^ "National Gallery of Art". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ Willem de Kooning (1969) by Thomas B. Hess

External links

Art Movements since 1900 at the-artists.org (Archived 2018-09-15 at the Wayback Machine)
20th-Century Art Compiled by Dr.Witcombe, Sweet Briar College, Virginia.
WebMuseum, Paris Themes index and detailed glossary of art periods.