Araripe Basin

Araripe Basin
Bacia do Araripe
Geologic map of the Araripe Basin
Outline of the Chapada do Araripe in the basin
Coordinates	7°23′12″S 40°9′11″W
Etymology	Chapada do Araripe
Location	South America
Region	Northeast
Country	Brazil
State(s)	Ceará, Pernambuco, Piauí
Cities	Crato, Ceará
Characteristics
On/Offshore	Onshore
Boundaries	Patos & Pernambuco lineaments
Part of	Brazilian onshore basins
Area	~8,000 km^2 (3,100 sq mi)
Geology
Basin type	Rift basin
Plate	South American
Orogeny	Break-up of Gondwana
Age	Middle Jurassic-Albian
Stratigraphy	Stratigraphy

The Araripe Basin (Portuguese: Bacia do Araripe) is a rift basin covering about 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi),^[1] in Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco states of northeastern Brazil. It is bounded by the Patos and Pernambuco lineaments,^[2] and is situated east of the Parnaíba Basin, southwest of the Rio do Peixe Basin and northwest of the Tucano and Jatobá Basins.^[3]

The basin has provided a variety of unique fossils in the Crato and Santana Formations and includes the Araripe Geopark, a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks since 2006.^[4] The pterosaurs Araripesaurus and Araripedactylus (now considered a nomen dubium), crocodylian Araripesuchus, the turtle Araripemys, amphibian Arariphrynus, the fish Araripelepidotes and the insect Araripenymphes were named after the basin. The bituminous shales of the Ipubi Formation in the Araripe Basin have potential for shale gas development.^[5]

Basin history

Schematic development of the depositional environments of the Santana Group

Lake level cyclicity in the Santana Group

The tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Araripe Basin, located in the Borborema Geologic Province, encompasses four stages, with five tectonostratigraphic phases:^[6]
1) Syneclise phase - Silurian to Devonian - characterized by tectonic quiescence in the Borborema Province. It is represented by the deposits of the Cariri Formation, that include medium to coarse-grained quartz sandstones, locally conglomeratic, deposited in large braided fluvial systems
2) Pre-rift phase - Tithonian - characterized by the mechanical subsidence due to lithosphere thinning that preceded the rift. It is represented by the Brejo Santo Formation, that comprises red shales and claystones, and the Missão Velha Formation, constituted by medium to coarse-grained quartz-feldspathic sandstones, locally conglomeratic, that contains entire trunks and fragments of silicified wood (Dadoxilon benderi) conifer
3) Rift phase - Berriasian to Hauterivian - characterized by increasing mechanical subsidence that created a system of grabens and half grabens. It is represented by the Abaiara Formation, that includes shales, siltstones, sandstones and conglomerates
4) Post-Rift I phase - Aptian to Albian - characterized by thermal subsidence. The lowermost unit Barbalha Formation, represents a fluviolacustrine phase and is composed of red and gray shales, siltstones and claystones.

The Santana Group was formed during this stage and comprises three stratigraphic units:

• Crato Formation that is composed of six intervals of laminated limestones (C1 to C6), interbedded with calciferous siltstones and marls, and is very rich in fossils of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms
• Ipubi Formation, that is mainly composed of organic-rich, black greenish bituminous shales, claystones and algal limestones that are interbedded with gypsum-anhydrite beds
• Romualdo Formation, that represents a calciferous siliciclastic succession composed of fine to medium-grained sandstones, argillaceous siltstones, calciferous shales, and limestones, very rich in fossils. This formation recorded the marine proto-Atlantic incursion that involved the Araripe Basin, and other interior basins and created a large seaway throughout the Borborema Province during the Albian

5) Post-rift II phase - Albian to Cenomanian - characterized by a major sag phase, and is formed by two stratigraphic units:

• Araripina Formation, that occurs in the western region of the basin and is composed by rhythmites and heterolithic layers of reddish, purplish and yellowish fine-grained sandstone and mudstone
• Exu Formation, that comprises medium-to coarse grained sandstones, fine grained clayey sandstones and local conglomeratic beds

Stratigraphy

Chapada do Araripe

Outcrop in the Araripe Basin

Age	Group	Formation	Sequence	Notes
Cenozoic	alluvium
Albian	Araripe	Exu	Post-rift	[7][8]
		Arajara
		Araripina		[9]
Albian Aptian	Santana	Romualdo		[8]
		Ipubi		[8][10]
		Crato		[7][8]
	Araripe	Barbalha/Rio da Batateira		[7][8][9]
Early Cretaceous	Vale do Carirí	Abaiara	Pre- and syn-rift	[8][9]
		Missão Velha		[7][8][9]
Late Jurassic
		Brejo Santo
Middle Jurassic
Early Jurassic	hiatus
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian	Paleozoic sequence	Mauriti Mucuri	Pre-rift
Silurian
Ordovician	hiatus
Cambrian
Precambrian	Basement

See also

• Chapada do Araripe
• Paraná Basin
• Santos Basin

References

1. Neto et al., 2013, p.1
2. Bianca Carvalho Vieira; André Salgado; Leonardo Santos (2015-03-05). Landscapes and Landforms of Brazil. Springer. p. 232. ISBN 9789401780230.
3. Assine, 1992, p.290
4. (in Portuguese) Chapada do Araripe vira parque geológico
5. Neto et al., 2013, p.3
6. Fabin et al., 2018, pp.2051-2052
7. Bétard et al., 2017, p.10
8. Assine, 1992, p.291
9. Scherer et al., 2013, p.28
10. Ribeiro et al., 2011, p.62

Bibliography

• Assine, Mario L (1992), "Análise estratigráfica da Bacia do Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 22 (3): 289–300, doi:10.25249/0375-7536.1992289300, retrieved 2018-08-21
• Bétard, François; Peulvast, Jean-Pierre; de Oliveira Magalhães, Alexsandra; Carvalho Neta, Maria de Lourdes; de Freitas, Francisco Idalecio (2017), "Araripe Basin: A Major Geodiversity Hotspot in Brazil" (PDF), Geoheritage, 10 (4): 1–18, Bibcode:2018Geohe..10..543B, doi:10.1007/s12371-017-0232-5, retrieved 2018-08-21 Archived 2018-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
• Fabin, Carlos E.; Correia Filho, Osvaldo J.; Alencar, Márcio L.; Barbosa, José A.; de Miranda, Tiago S.; Neumann, Virgínio H.; Gomes, Igor F.; de Santana, Felipe R. (2018), "Stratigraphic Relations of the Ipubi Formation: Siliciclastic-Evaporitic Succession of the Araripe Basin" (PDF), Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90 (2 suppl 1): 2049–2071, doi:10.1590/0001-3765201820170526, PMID 29947671, retrieved 2018-10-05
• Neto, João Adauto; Mort, Haydon; Pereira, Ricardo; Barbosa, José; Neumann, Virginio; Vortisch, Walter; Filho, Osvaldo J. C.; Brandão, Paulo de A. L. S.; Pacheco, José G. A. (2013), Carbonaceous Shales in the Araripe Basin, NE Brazil: A Potential Shale Gas Reservoir, AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, pp. 1–7, retrieved 2018-08-21
• Ribeiro Oliveira, Gustavo; Feitosa Saraiva, Antônio Álamo; de Paula Silva, Helder; Ferreira Gomes de Andrade, José Artur; Kellner, Alexander Wilhelm Armin (2011), "First turtle from the Ipubi Formation (Early Cretaceous), Santana Group, Araripe Basin, Brazil" (PDF), Revista Brasileira da Paleontologia, 14: 61–66, doi:10.4072/RBP.2011.1.06, S2CID 32314916, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-21, retrieved 2018-08-21 Archived 2018-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
• Scherer, C.M.d.S.; Jardim de Sá, E.F.; Córdoba, V.C.; Sousa, D.d.C.; Aquino, M.M.; Cardoso, F.M.C. (2013), "Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the upper Jurassic-Neocomian rift succession, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil" (PDF), Journal of South American Geosciences, 49: 1–43, Bibcode:2014JSAES..49..106M, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2013.10.007, hdl:10316/27124, retrieved 2018-08-21

Further reading

• Aparecida dos Reis Polck, Márcia; Sardenberg Salgado de Carvalho, Marise; Miguel, Raphael; Gallo, Valéria (2015), Guia de identificação de peixes fósseis das Formações Crato e Santana da Bacia do Araripe, Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM), pp. 1–74
• Báez, A.M.; Moura, G.J.B.; Gómez, R.O. (2009), "Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians", Cretaceous Research, 30 (4): 829–846, Bibcode:2009CrRes..30..829B, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002
• Bechly, G.; Makarkin, V. N. (2016), "A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas", Cretaceous Research, 58: 135–140, Bibcode:2016CrRes..58..135B, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.014
• Cavalcanti Duque, Rudah Ruano; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia (2018), "Novos Sítios Fossilíferos da Formação Romualdo, Cretáceo Inferior, Bacia do Araripe, Exu, Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil - New Fossiliferous Sites of the Romualdo Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Araripe Basin, Exu, Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil", Anuário do Instituto de Geociências, UFRJ, 41: 5–14, doi:10.11137/2018_1_05_14, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Elgin, Ross A.; Frey, Eberhard (2011), "A new ornithocheirid, Barbosania gracilirostris gen. et sp. nov. (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Santana Formation (Cretaceous) of NE Brazil", Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 130 (2): 259, Bibcode:2011SwJP..130..259E, doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0017-4, retrieved 2018-10-06^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Fara, Emmanuel; Saraiva, Antônio Á.F.; Campos, Díogenes de Almeida; Moreira, João K.R.; de Carvalho Siebra, Daniele; Kellner, Alexander W.A. (2005), "Controlled excavations in the Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation (Early Cretaceous, Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil): stratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological implications" (PDF), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 218 (1–2): 145–160, Bibcode:2005PPP...218..145F, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.012, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Figueiredo, R.G.; Kellner, A.W.A. (2009), "A new crocodylomorph specimen from the Araripe Basin (Crato Member, Santana Formation), northeastern Brazil", Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 83 (2): 323–331, Bibcode:2009PalZ...83..323F, doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0016-6, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Jorge de Lima, Flaviana; Feitosa Saraiva, Antonio Álamo; Manso Sayão, Juliana (2012), "Revisão da paleoflora das Formações Missão Velha, Crato e Romualdo, Bacia do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil", Estudos Geológicos, 22 (1): 99–115
• Leite da Silva, Agnelo; Neumann, Virginio Enrique (2003), Formação Crato da Bacia do Araripe: um reservatório análogo ao Calcário Trairí (Formação Paracuru), Bacia do Ceará (PDF), 2o Congresso Brasileiro de P&D em Petróleo & Gás, pp. 1–6, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Maisey, J.G.; Rutzky, I.; Blum, S.; Elvers, W. (1991), Laboratory Preparation Techniques. In Maisey, j:G. (ed): Santana Fossils: An Illustrated Atlas, Tfh Publications Inc., pp. 99–103, ISBN 0866225498
• Makarkin, V.N.; Menon, F. (2007), "First record of fossil 'rapismatid-like' Ithonidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil", Cretaceous Research, 28 (5): 743–753, Bibcode:2007CrRes..28..743M, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.11.003
• Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007), The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World, Cambridge University Press, p. 236, ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Martill, D.M (2007), "The age of the Cretaceous Santana Formation fossil Konservat Lagerstätte of north-east Brazil: a historical review and an appraisal of the biochronostratigraphic utility of its palaeobiota", Cretaceous Research, 28 (6): 895–920, Bibcode:2007CrRes..28..895M, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.01.002, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Myskowiak, J.; Huang, D.; Azar, D.; Cai, C.; Garrouste, R.; Nel, A. (2016), "New lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Osmylidae, Nymphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber and Crato Formation in Brazil", Cretaceous Research, 59: 214–227, Bibcode:2016CrRes..59..214M, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.029, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Neumann, V.H.; Borrego, A.G.; Cabrera, L.; Dino, R. (2003), "Organic matter composition and distribution through the Aptian–Albian lacustrine sequences of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil", International Journal of Coal Geology, 54 (1): 21–40, Bibcode:2003IJCG...54...21N, doi:10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00018-1, retrieved 2018-10-05
• Pinheiro, Allysson P.; Saraiva, Antônio Á.F.; Santana, William (2014), "Shrimps from the Santana Group (Cretaceous: Albian): new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) and new record (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)" (PDF), Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências: 1–8, retrieved 2018-10-06 Archived 2017-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
• Prado, Gustavo M.E.M.; Romero, Guilherme Raffaelli; Anelli, Luiz Eduardo (2016), "New occurrences of fossilized feathers: systematics, taphonomy, and paleoecology of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil" (PDF), PeerJ: 1–49, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Salisbury, S.W.; Frey, E.; Martill, D.M.; Buchy, M.C. (2003), "A new crocodilian from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of north-eastern Brazil", Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 270 (1–3): 3–47, Bibcode:2003PalAA.270....3S, doi:10.1127/pala/270/2003/3, retrieved 2018-10-06
• Scherer, C.M.d.S.; Jardim de Sá, E.F.; Córdoba, V.C.; Sousa, D.d.C.; Aquino, M.M.; Cardoso, F.M.C. (2013), "Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the upper Jurassic-Neocomian rift succession, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil" (PDF), Journal of South American Geosciences, 49: 1–43, Bibcode:2014JSAES..49..106M, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2013.10.007, hdl:10316/27124, retrieved 2018-10-05
• Weishampel, David B. (2004), Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, South America) in: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 563–570, ISBN 0-520-24209-2