April 1, 1960: TIROS I opens era of satellite weather imagesApril 21, 1960: The new city of Brasília is dedicatedApril 8, 1960: Radio telescope picks up signals from Epsilon Eridani
The United States launched the first weather satellite, the 270-pound (120 kg) TIROS-1, from Cape Canaveral at 6:40 a.m. EST. The name was an acronym for Television Infra-Red Observation Satellite.[1][2] The same evening, satellite weather photos were introduced to the world, on television, for the first time. Taken from an altitude of 450 miles (720 km), the pictures of cloud cover confirmed the spiral pattern of winds in a storm.[3]
R Griggs & Co. began the production of Dr. Martens boots under licence in the UK. Known as style 1460, the original product is still in production today.[4][5]
Sikiru Kayode Adetona was crowned as Ogbagba Anikilaya II, the Awujale of Ijebuland. As of 2012, Adetona was the longest ruling of the traditional Nigeria monarchs.[9]
A treaty was signed by France and nationalists in Madagascar, assuring the independence of the Malagasy Republic, which followed in June of the same year.[10]
Born:Linford Christie, Jamaican-born British track athlete who won the 1992 Olympic gold medal and the 1993 world championships in the 100 meter dash; in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica
The Charismatic Movement, also referred to as the "Charismatic Renewal", began when Episcopal Priest Dennis Bennett told his congregation at St. Mark's in Van Nuys, California, that he had experienced Spirit baptism accompanied by speaking in tongues. The media soon covered the event as the intrusion of Pentecostalism into a main line church.[12]
The Space Task Group (STG) notified the Ames Research Center that preliminary planning for the modification of the Mercury spacecraft to accomplish controlled reentry had begun, and Ames was invited to participate in the study. Preliminary specifications for the modified spacecraft were to be ready by the end of the month. This program was later termed Mercury Mark II and eventually Project Gemini.[6]
Choosing between two U.S. Senators, voters in Wisconsin overwhelmingly favored John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts over Hubert Humphrey from neighboring Minnesota, by a margin of 478,118 to 372,034 in the first major primary for the Democratic nomination. Vice-President Nixon was unopposed for the Republican nomination.[13]
Alberto Lleras Camargo, the President of Colombia, addressed a joint session of Congress as part of a 13-day state visit to the United States. Lleras was given a ticker-tape parade in New York on April 11.[2]
The Short SC.1 VTOL aircraft made its first transition from vertical to horizontal flight and back.
In an event described as "unique in world postal history", the governments of 70 nations simultaneously issued stamps to commemorate World Refugee Year.[17]
Project Ozma, under the direction of astronomer Frank Drake at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, in Green Bank, West Virginia, commenced and was the first modern Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) experiment.[18] After detecting nothing from Tau Ceti, Drake steered the telescope toward Epsilon Eridani and picked up signals at precisely eight times per second. As rumors spread that the Project had picked up signs of intelligent life, Drake was forced to say that he had no comment. The source was later traced to an airplane.[19]
South Africa's Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd was shot and seriously wounded by David Pratt, a white farmer, in Johannesburg.[21] Verwoerd survived, but would be stabbed to death in 1966.
The last successful American U-2 overflight of the Soviet Union took place, as a pilot passed near the missile range at Tyuratam. The S-75 Dvina missile batteries that could have downed the plane had not been alerted of the intrusion in time, and several Soviet senior commanders were fired. On May 1, a U-2 plane flown by Francis Gary Powers would be struck down.[23]
A fisherman in Masan, South Korea, discovered the mutilated body of Kim Chu Yol, a high school student who had been killed during March protests against the fraudulent presidential election. A police tear gas shell was visible in Kim's eye socket, and the outrage against the government's brutality triggered a riot. The violence in Masan was then followed by rioting in other South Korean cities.[24]
The International Court of Justice, more popularly known as the World Court, resolved a dispute between Portugal and India after more than four years, in Portugal's favor, ruling 11–4 that Portuguese officials could cross over India's territory to reach its colonies in Goa, Daman and Diu. The victory was short-lived, as India annexed all three territories the following year.[26]
Eric Peugeot, the four-year-old grandson of French automotive tycoon Jean-Pierre Peugeot of Peugeot, was kidnapped from a playground at Saint-Cloud, near Paris.[28] Eric was released three days later, in exchange for a ransom of $300,000.[29]
East Germany's Communist SED completed "Socialist Spring in the Countryside" ("Socialistische Frühling in der Land") its collective farming project, to finish the creation of the Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (agricultural production cooperative). The "socialist spring" had been the seizure by the East German government of privately owned farms and businesses, prompting thousands of business owners and farm owners to flee to the West.[32]
The first underwater launching of the Polaris missile took place. The unarmed weapon was fired from the ballistic submarine USS George Washington, off of the coast of California.[34]
The Sino-Soviet split widened as the Chinese Communist Party journal Red Flag published the editorial Long Live Leninism, an assertion that began with the premise that the Soviet Union had, by pursuing peaceful change, deviated from Lenin's thesis that "so long as imperialism exists, war is inevitable".[37]
The "New Realism" artistic movement was founded by art critic Pierre Restany with the publication of his Manifeste des Nouveaux Réalistes.[38]
Died:Eddie Cochran, 21, American rock musician who wrote and recorded the classic "Summertime Blues", of injuries received the previous day when he, his fiancée Sharon Sheeley, and his fellow musician, Gene Vincent, were involved in a taxi accident. The three Americans were driving through the town of Chippenham, UK, when their car blew a tyre and crashed into a lamp post. Cochran, who would be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, would have a posthumous hit with the ironically-titled "Three Steps to Heaven".[39]
Fabrication of the crewed environmental-control-system training spacecraft for Project Mercury was essentially completed and a test program on the equipment was started at McDonnell. This test was completed on April 25, 1960.[6]
More than 100,000 students in South Korea marched in Seoul in protest over election fraud committed by President Syngman Rhee in the voting of March 15, beginning the "April Revolution". Police fired into the crowds, killing 140 protesters.[43]
Lloyd Aereo Colombiano S.A. (LACSA) Flight 503 crashed on landing in Bogota in Colombia after a multi-stop flight that had originated in Miami. All but one of the seven-member crew, and 31 of the 44 passengers, were killed.[44]
China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai was welcomed in New Delhi by India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to discuss the countries' border dispute, but the talks ended without progress.[45]
The South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) was formed, with Sam Nujoma as its first president, eventually securing independence for Namibia.[46]
From April 20 to 22, the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, NASA, and the RAND Corporation sponsored a Manned Space Stations Symposium featuring leading aeronautical and aerospace scientists and engineers from across the country. This conference marked one of the focal points in American space station thinking up to that time.[51]
Rebels led by General Jose Maria Castro León seized control of the Venezuelan state of Táchira and its capital, San Cristóbal, and attempted unsuccessfully to persuade other military garrisons to revolt against the government of President Rómulo Betancourt. The uprising was quickly put down.[52]
Elvis Presley returned to Hollywood for the first time since his return from military service in Germany, to begin filming G.I. Blues.
After a week in which 6,000 East Germans fled to West Berlin, several DDR police crossed the border and began searching luggage at railroad stations. West Berlin police arrested two of the DDR police, while others fled. The exodus of thousands came after the East German government "collectivized" private farms and businesses and directed landowners and shopkeepers to become employees of state-owned cooperatives.[54]
PresidentJuscelino Kubitschek dedicated the city of Brasília, three years after he had directed construction to begin on a new capital city for Brazil. Located 600 miles (970 km) inland, the city was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer and urban planner Lucio Costa at a cost of ten billion dollars.[55]
The crash of a Belgian DC-4 airliner into a mountainside in Congo killed all 28 passengers and seven crew.[56] The flight had originated in Brussels the night before, with a final destination of Lubumbashi (at the time, called Elisabethville) with stops at Rome, Cairo and Bunia. The plane descended for its approach to Bunia through low clouds and impacted a peak in the Virunga Mountains.
France's President Charles De Gaulle was given an enthusiastic welcome by 200,000 people upon his arrival in Washington, D.C., on the fifth day of his tour of the Western Hemisphere. President De Gaulle spoke to a joint session of Congress on April 25, urging nuclear disarmament, and was cheered by more than a million people the next day at a ticker-tape parade in New York.[2]
When more than 100 black protesters marched on to a "whites only" beach in Biloxi, Mississippi, for a "wade-in" to force desegregation, they were attacked by several hundred white people, while Harrison County sheriff's deputies at the scene stood by. The violence then spilled over into the most violent riot in Mississippi history. A U.S. Department of Justice suit ended beach segregation the following month.[58][59]
One of the first widely publicized stories of hysterical strength happened in Tampa, Florida, when Mrs. Florence Rogers, a 123-pound (56 kg) woman, lifted one end of a 3,600-pound (1,600 kg) car that had fallen off of a jack and onto her 16-year-old son, Charles Trotter. Mrs. Rogers, an LPN, fractured several vertebrae in the process.[60][61][62]
Syngman Rhee resigned as President of South Korea after 12 years of dictatorial rule, after a week-long uprising in which 145 students had died.[66] Rhee and his wife were flown out of the country by the United States, and he lived in exile in Hawaii until his death in 1965. Until a new President could be elected, Rhee was replaced in the interim by a former Mayor of Seoul, Heo Jeong.[67]
Born:Affectionately, thoroughbred racehorse and one of only two female horses to earn more than half a million dollars in prize winnings. Between 1962 and 1965, she would win 18 major stakes races, and would later be inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame (d. 1979)
The West African country of French Togoland, a UN trust territory, became independent, as the Togolese Republic was proclaimed at 12:10 a.m. local (and GMT) in Lomé. Sylvanus Olympio became the new nation's first President. The symbolic first raising of the new flag was confounded by tangled ropes and the problem was not resolved until later in the hour.[69][70]
Various gamma ray detectors were carried aboard Explorer XI on its orbital flight. These detectors found a directional flux of gamma radiation in space and thereby provided serious evidence against one formulation of the "steady state" cosmological theory.[6]
The Ghanaian constitutional referendum resulted in a vote in favour of replacing the constitutional monarchy with a republic led by a president.
USS Tullibee (SSN-597), the first nuclear-powered electric-drive submarine, was launched from Groton, Connecticut.[71][72]
The construction of what would become Shea Stadium, at Flushing, Queens, was approved by New York City's Board of Estimate, 20–2, giving the proposed Continental League the chance to launch. The Continental League never played, but the stadium gave the National League the impetus to return to the city, with the New York Mets.
Died:Lee Ki-poong, former Vice-President of South Korea, died along with his wife and two sons as part of a suicide pact. Lee, and President Syngman Rhee, had resigned two days earlier in the wake of the April Revolution.
Italy's new government, led by Fernando Tambroni of the Christian Democrats, narrowly won a vote of confidence, 128–110, in the Italian Senate. Tambroni had quit on April 11, shortly after taking office.[2]
^Trotter, Charles (August 28, 1960). "My Mother Saved My Life". Family Weekly. As told to John M. Ross. pp. 12–13.
^David S. Goldstein, M.D. (2006). Adrenaline and the Inner World: An Introduction to Scientific Integrative Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 71.
^Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Indiana University Press. p. 386.
