Anthrosol

An anthrosol (or anthropogenic soil) in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB)[1] is a type of soil that has been formed or heavily modified due to long-term human activity, such as from irrigation, addition of organic waste or wet-field cultivation used to create paddy fields.[2]

a soil profile of terra preta
A soil profile of terra preta, an anthrosol found in the Amazon Basin.[3]

Such soils can be formed from any parent soil, and are commonly found in areas where agriculture has been practiced for centuries. Anthrosols can be found worldwide, though they tend to have different soil horizons in different regions. For example, in northwestern Europe anthrosols commonly have plaggic or terric (strongly affected by manure) horizons, and together they cover some 500,000 hectares.

Due to the broad range of anthrosol compositions and structures compared to other soils of the same order of classification, there is debate on whether anthrosol should be included as an independent soil group.[4]

Composition

Anthrosols can have different characteristics based on their origins. A high phosphate concentration is a common indicator of decaying organic matter, such as bones, tissue, or excrement. A dark color can also be the result of a high amount of organic matter, or of calcium carbonate, iron, and manganese. A high pH or carbonate concentration, in anthropogenic terms, is likely the result of the addition of wood ash to the soil. Presence of human artifacts such as tools and waste can also be present in anthrosols. Other indicators include nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc concentrations.[3][5]

In archaeology

The presence of anthrosols can be used to detect long-term human habitation, and has been used by archaeologists to identify sites of interest. Anthrosols that can indicate such activity can be described as, for instance, plaggic (from the long-term use of manure to enrich soil), irragric (from the use of flood or surface irrigation), hortic (from deep cultivation, manure use and presence of other anthropogenic organic matter such as kitchen waste), anthraquic (from anthropos – man and aqua – water – meaning produced by man-made soil moisture management including irrigation or terracing). Anthrosols can be detected by visual inspection of soils, or even from satellite imagery.[6]

Other uses

Because of a high concentration of minerals, and in particular decayed organic matter, anthrosols are useful for agriculture. In an environmental context, well-managed anthrosols act as a carbon sink.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). "World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition" (PDF). International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.
  2. ^ Major Soils of the World. ISRIC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 2001{
  3. ^ a b Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I. (2007-05-08). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-2597-6.
  4. ^ Scudder, S. J.; Foss, J. E.; Collins, M. E. (1996), Sparks, Donald L. (ed.), Soil Science and Archaeology, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 57, Academic Press, pp. 1–76, doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60922-0, ISBN 9780120007578
  5. ^ Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. -Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
  6. ^ Menze, Bjoern H.; Ur, Jason A. (2012). "Mapping patterns of long-term settlement in Northern Mesopotamia at a large scale". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (14): E778 – E787. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115472109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3325708. PMID 22431607.
  7. ^ Giani, Luise; Makowsky, Lutz; Mueller, Klaus (June 2014). "Plaggic Anthrosol: Soil of the Year 2013 in Germany: An overview on its formation, distribution, classification, soil function and threats". Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 177 (3): 320–329. Bibcode:2014JPNSS.177..320G. doi:10.1002/jpln.201300197. ISSN 1436-8730.

Further reading

Read other articles:

Oleksandra MatviichukMatviychuk di 2022Nama asalОлександра МатвійчукLahir8 Oktober 1983 (umur 40)Boyarka, Oblast Kyiv, SSR Ukraina, USSRPendidikanUniversitas Kyiv (LLM)PekerjaanPengacara, aktivis hak asasi manusia Oleksandra Vyachelavivna Matviichuk ( bahasa Ukraina: Олександра В’ячеславівна Матвійчук  ; lahir 8 Oktober 1983) adalah seorang pengacara hak asasi manusia Ukraina dan pemimpin masyarakat sipil yang tinggal di K...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع كريس كوبر (توضيح). كريس كوبر معلومات شخصية الميلاد 17 يناير 1990 (العمر 33 سنة)دومسفريس الطول 6 قدم 9 بوصة (2.1 م) مركز اللعب لاعب وسط الجنسية  الولايات المتحدة الوزن 110 كيلوغرام  المدرسة الأم جامعة أولد دومينيون[1]  الحياة العملية بداية الا

 

American swimmer, water polo player, and actor (1904–1984) Johnny WeissmullerWeissmuller c. 1940sBornJohann Peter Weißmüller(1904-06-02)June 2, 1904Szabadfalva, Kingdom of Hungary (today Freidorf, Romania)DiedJanuary 20, 1984(1984-01-20) (aged 79)Acapulco, Guerrero, MexicoOccupationsOlympic swimmerwater polo playeractorYears active1929–1976Spouses Bobbe Arnst ​ ​(m. 1931; div. 1933)​ Lupe Vélez ​ ​(m. 19...

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Динамо и Динамо (футбольный клуб). Динамо (Киев) Полноеназвание ООО «Футбольный клуб „Динамо“ Киев» Прозвища «бело-синие», «киевляне» Основан 13 мая 1927; 96 лет назад (1927-05-13) Стадион НСК «Олимпийский» Вместимость 70 050

 

Les pièces en euro de Chypre sont les pièces de monnaie en euro émises par Chypre. Dans la pratique, elles sont frappées par la Monnaie finlandaise ou la Monnaie grecque. L'euro a remplacé l'ancienne monnaie nationale, la livre chypriote, le 29 avril 2005 (entrée dans le MCE II) au taux de conversion de 1 euro = 0,585274 livre. Les pièces en euro chypriotes ont cours légal dans la zone euro depuis le 1er janvier 2008. Pièces destinées à la circulation Face commune et spécification...

 

キャンプ(英語: camp)は、英語圏の美学・文芸批評などで使われる用語のひとつで、大げさに誇張された振る舞いや、過度に装飾の多いけばけばしいファッションなどを意味する[1]。また、わざとらしさ・俗っぽさ・泥臭さを意識的に活かした芸術表現もこう呼ぶ[1]。一般に、同性愛者の美意識や価値観を表現・理論化するために用いられてきた[2]...

Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département (Nr.) Isère (38) Arrondissement Vienne Kanton Bièvre Gemeindeverband Bièvre Isère Koordinaten 45° 20′ N, 5° 21′ O45.3330555555565.35Koordinaten: 45° 20′ N, 5° 21′ O Höhe 369–545 m Fläche 18,62 km² Einwohner 3.207 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 172 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 38590 INS...

 

Cemetery in Sussex, England Hastings Cemetery Hastings Cemetery is a cemetery in Hastings, East Sussex, located off the Ridge road. The cemetery was opened on 28 November 1856. The Church of England section was consecrated by Ashurst Gilbert, Bishop of Chichester, followed by a service in All Saints Church.[1] Hastings Crematorium is located within the cemetery. It was built in 1955, incorporating two Gothic-style burial chapels built in 1856 of local sandstone.[2] Notable bur...

 

American novelist (1936–2021) Larry McMurtryAuthor photo on the book jacket of his novel The Last Picture Show, 1966BornLarry Jeff McMurtry(1936-06-03)June 3, 1936Archer City, Texas, U.S.DiedMarch 25, 2021(2021-03-25) (aged 84)Archer City, Texas, U.S.OccupationNovelistscreenwriteressayistantiquarian booksellerEducation University of North Texas (BA) Rice University (MA) Years active1961–2021 Larry Jeff McMurtry (June 3, 1936 – March 25, 2021) was a prolific Americ...

Place in Styria, AustriaRatsch an der Weinstraße Coat of armsRatsch an der WeinstraßeLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 46°42′00″N 15°34′12″E / 46.70000°N 15.57000°E / 46.70000; 15.57000CountryAustriaStateStyriaDistrictLeibnitzGovernment • MayorJohannes Zweytick (ÖVP)Elevation352 m (1,155 ft)Population (1 January 2016)[1] • Total445Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8461Ar...

 

北京奥林匹克塔从北侧森林公园拍摄到的奥林匹克塔曾用名奥林匹克公园瞭望塔、北京奥运塔概要類型观光塔所屬國家/地區 中华人民共和国行政区北京市朝阳区地點北至科荟路,南至科荟南路,西至中轴景观大道,东至湖景西路坐标40°00′23″N 116°23′16″E / 40.00651°N 116.38784°E / 40.00651; 116.38784坐标:40°00′23″N 116°23′16″E / 40.00651°N 116.3...

 

American drama tv series (2013–2014) For the Thai television series, see The Betrayal (2022 TV series). BetrayalGenreDramaBased onDutch series Overspelby Frank KetelaarRobert KievitDeveloped byDavid ZabelStarring Hannah Ware Henry Thomas Wendy Moniz Chris Johnson Braeden Lemasters Elizabeth McLaughlin Stuart Townsend James Cromwell Composers Brian Transeau Michael DiMattia Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13ProductionExecutive producers Alo...

Mahkamah Agung KasasiВрховни касациони судGedung Mahkamah Agung KasasiDidirikan9 September 1846NegaraSerbiaLokasiBeograd, Nemanjina 9Jumlah hakim24Situs webwww.vk.sud.rsPresidenSaat iniDragomir MilojevićMulai menjabat21 Februari 2013 Mahkamah Agung Kasasi (bahasa Serbia: Врховни касациони суд/Vrhovni kasacioni sud) adalah pengadilan tertinggi di Republik Serbia. Pengadilan ini meninjau dan dapat membatalkan keputusan yang telah dibuat oleh pengadilan...

 

1983 studio album by Gladys Knight & the PipsVisionsStudio album by Gladys Knight & the PipsReleased1983Studio C. S. S. and Law Recording Studios (Las Vegas, Nevada) Studio Masters and Wally Heider Studios (Los Angeles, California) United Western Recorders, Hollywood Sound Recorders and A&M Studios (Hollywood, California) Jennifudy Studios and Larrabee Sound Studios (North Hollywood, California) Mars Recording (Santa Monica, California) Kendun Recorders (Burbank, Californi...

 

Warmbad CommandoWarmbaths Commando emblemCountry South AfricaAllegiance  Republic of South Africa  Republic of South Africa Branch  South African Army  South African Army TypeInfantryRoleLight InfantrySizeOne BattalionPart ofSouth African Infantry CorpsArmy Territorial ReserveGarrison/HQWarmbad WarmbathsMilitary unit Warmbad Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the...

Professor of Medicine and epidemiology Adaora AdimoraOther namesAda AdimoraAlma materCornell University, BA, 1977Yale University School of Medicine, MD, 1981UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, MPH, 1993SpousePaul Godley (died March 31, 2019)Children2AwardsMember of National Academy of MedicineScientific careerFieldsEpidemiology, Infectious DiseaseInstitutionsBoston City HospitalAlbert Einstein College of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina Adaora Alise Adimora is an Americ...

 

Hospital Argerich El hospital hacia 1951. LocalizaciónPaís  ArgentinaLocalidad La Boca, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCoordenadas 34°37′42″S 58°21′58″O / -34.628345, -58.365985Datos generalesFundación 1897Financiamiento MunicipalTipo Hospital de agudosRed hospitalaria GCBAEspecialidad Cardiología Cirugía general Tocoginecología[1]​[2]​Sitio web oficial[editar datos en Wikidata] El Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Cosme Argerich es uno de ...

 

2017 American filmThe Female BrainTheatrical release posterDirected byWhitney CummingsScreenplay byNeal BrennanWhitney CummingsBased onThe Female Brainby Louann BrizendineProduced byErika OldeMichael RoiffWhitney CummingsStarringWhitney CummingsSofía VergaraToby KebbellJames MarsdenLucy PunchBeanie FeldsteinCecily StrongDeon ColeBlake GriffinCinematographyBradford LipsonEdited byPeggy EghbalianMusic byJeff CardoniProductioncompaniesBlack Bicycle EntertainmentNight and Day PicturesDistributed...

Chilean footballer (born 1993) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Mora and the second or maternal family name is Aliaga. Felipe Mora Mora with the Portland Timbers in 2021Personal informationFull name Felipe Andrés Mora Aliaga[1]Date of birth (1993-08-02) August 2, 1993 (age 30)[1]Place of birth Santiago, ChileHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[2]Position(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team Portland TimbersNumber 9Youth career...

 

Smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Samsung Galaxy S Relay 4G – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) Samsung Galaxy S Relay 4GManufacturerSamsung ElectronicsSeriesGalaxy S seriesCompatible networks2G GSM/GPRS/EDGE – 85...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!