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Tactical or battlefield intelligence became vital to both sides in the field during the American Civil War. Units of spies and scouts reported directly to the commanders of armies in the field, providing details on troop movements and strengths. The distinction between spies and scouts was one that had life-or-death consequences: if a suspect was seized while in disguise and not in his army's uniform, he was often sentenced to be hanged. A spy named Will Talbot, a member of the 35th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry, was left behind in Gettysburg after his battalion had passed through the borough on June 26–27, 1863. He was captured, taken to Emmitsburg, Maryland, and executed on orders of Brig. Gen. John Buford.^[1]

Confederate spying

Intelligence-gathering for the Confederates was focused on Alexandria, Virginia, and the surrounding area.

Thomas Jordan created a network of agents that included Rose O'Neal Greenhow.^[2]^[3] Greenhow delivered reports to Jordan via the “Secret Line,” the name for the system used to get letters, intelligence reports, and other documents across the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers to Confederate officials.^{[citation needed]}

The Confederacy's Signal Corps was devoted primarily to communications and intercepts, but it also included a covert agency called the Confederate Secret Service Bureau, which ran espionage and counter-espionage operations in the North, including two networks in Washington.^[4]

Confederate spies

Union spying

Allan Pinkerton (left) with Abraham Lincoln

The Union's intelligence-gathering initiatives were decentralized. Allan Pinkerton worked for Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and created the United States Secret Service.^[4] Lafayette C. Baker conducted intelligence and security work for Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Army. President Abraham Lincoln hired William Alvin Lloyd to spy in the South and report to Lincoln directly.^[4]

As a brigadier general in Missouri, Ulysses S. Grant was ordered by Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont to start an intelligence organization.^[4] Grant came to understand the power of intelligence and later made Brig. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge the head of his intelligence operations that covered an area from Mississippi to Georgia with as many as one hundred secret agents.^[4]

Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, who became commander of the Army of the Potomac in January 1863, ordered his deputy provost marshal, Col. George H. Sharpe, to create a unit to gather intelligence. Sharpe set up what he called the Bureau of Military Information and was aided by John C. Babcock, who had worked for Allan Pinkerton and had made maps for George B. McClellan. Sharpe's bureau produced reports based on information collected from agents, prisoners of war, refugees, Southern newspapers, documents retrieved from battlefield corpses, and other sources. When Grant began his siege of Petersburg in June 1864, Sharpe had become Grant's intelligence chief.^[4]

African American slaves and free persons provided valuable intelligence supporting Union military operations, often exploiting their ability to move across lines without attracting attention. African American Civil War Intelligence Contributions (formerly known as Black Dispatches.</ref> contributed significantly to the Union's ultimate victory.^[13]

Union spies

References

^ Fishel (1996). The Secret War for The Union.
^ Harnett, Kane T. (1954). Spies for the Blue and the Gray. Hanover House. pp. 27–29.
^ Markle, Donald E. (1994). Spies and Spymasters of the Civil War. Hippocrene Books. p. 2. ISBN 078180227X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f United States (2005) Intelligence in the Civil War.
^ Swanson, James L., Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. New York, HarperCollins, 2006, p. 258.
^ "Fannie Battle Day Home Records, ca. 1905 - ca. 1998 (bulk 1905 - 19 72 )" (PDF). Finding Aids. Nashville Public Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
^ Swanson, James L., Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. New York, HarperCollins, 2006, p. 259.
^ "Is the name Bryant or Bryan?". rogerjnorton.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ Swanson, James L., Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. New York, HarperCollins, 2006, p. 258f.
^ Swanson, James L., Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. New York, HarperCollins, 2006.
^ Swanson, James L., Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. New York, HarperCollins, 2006, pp.167, 256.
^ "Search".
^ David A. Welker "African American Intelligence Contributions during the American Civil War," International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 37, No. 4, Winter 2024-2025
^ Franck, Julie (2013). "Abraham Galloway". NCPEDIA. Retrieved November 21, 2019.

Bibliography

Fishel, E. C., The Secret War for The Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1996. ISBN 0395742811
Quarles, B., The African American in the Civil War. Boston, Little, Brown, 1953.
Rose, P. K., The Civil War: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence.Black Dispatches: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence During the Civil War.]^{[permanent dead link‍]} Washington, D.C., Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1999.
United States Government, Intelligence in the Civil War. Washington, D.C., Central Intelligence Agency, 2005.
Swanson, James L., Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. New York, HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 0060518502
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