2000 Nobel Prizes

The 2000 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.^[1]

Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm.^[2][3]

Prizes

Physics

Awardee(s)
	Zhores Alferov (1930–2019)	Russian	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"	[4]
	Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024)	German
	Jack Kilby (1923–2005)	American	"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"

Chemistry

Awardee(s)
	Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936)	American	"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"	[5]
	Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007)	New Zealander American
	Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936)	Japanese

Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s)
	Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018)	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"	[6]
	Paul Greengard (1925–2019)	United States
	Eric Kandel (b. 1929)	Austria  United States

Literature

Main article: 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature

Awardee(s)
	Gao Xingjian (b. 1940)	France  China	"for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"	[7]

Peace

Awardee(s)
	Kim Dae-jung (1924–2009)	South Korea	"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular."	[8]

Economic Sciences

Awardee(s)
	James Heckman (b. 1944)	United States	"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"	[9]
	Daniel McFadden (b. 1937)		"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"

Controversies

Literature

Gao's awarding was met with silence in China followed by condemnation in the Chinese media.^[10]

References

1. Ulaby, Neda (October 6, 2005). "Nobel Academy Silent on Literature Prize". NPR.
2. Royen, Ulrika (2014-03-20). "Photo gallery - The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony 2000". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
3. "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2000". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
4. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
5. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
6. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
7. "Nobel Prize in Literature 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
8. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
9. "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
10. Helmer Lång Hundra nobelpris i litteratur 1901-2001, Symposion 2001, p.338-389