The 1976 election marks the first time that Republican primaries or caucuses were held in every state and D.C.; the Democrats had done so in 1972. It was also the last election in which the Republican nominee was undetermined at the start of the party's national convention.
Background
August 1974 – February 1975: The Ford presidency begins
Following the Watergate scandal and resignation of President Richard Nixon, Vice President Gerald Ford was elevated to the presidency on August 9, 1974. Because Ford had been appointed vice president by Nixon following the resignation of Spiro Agnew from the position, he became the only president to assume office without having been previously elected president or vice president by the Electoral College.
On September 8, Ford's first major act in office was to grant a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes Richard Nixon might have committed against the United States while president. Following his pardon of Nixon, Ford's approval ratings among the American public dropped precipitously. Within a week, his approval rating fell from 69% to 49%, the steepest decline in history.[2]
The economy was in dire condition upon Ford's elevation, marked by the worst peacetime inflation in American history and the highest interest rates in a century. The Dow Jones had declined 43 percent from October 1973 to September 1974.[3] To combat inflation, Ford first proposed a tax increase and later, in response to Democratic calls for a permanent cut in taxes, a temporary moderate decrease. Reagan publicly criticized both proposals.[4]
Race and education divided public opinion, especially over issues such as forced integration and changes to public school curriculum. Political violence over education policy broke out in Boston and Charleston, West Virginia. Abortion also became a nationally salient issue after the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision, which was handed down the year prior in 1973 and struck down state restrictions on abortion nationwide.
In the 1974 midterm elections, the Democratic Party dramatically expanded its majorities in both the House and Senate. The elections were seen as a referendum on the Republican Party post-Watergate and on the political establishment more generally. Newly elected members of Congress became known as "Watergate Babies" and aggressively pursued procedural and oversight reforms.
During this period, Ronald Reagan concluded his second term in office as governor of California. His administration was marked by efforts to dismantle the welfare state and a high-profile crackdown on urban crime and left-wing dissent, especially at the University of California, Berkeley. He also led an effort to enforce the state's capital punishment laws but was blocked by the California Supreme Court in the People v. Anderson decision. After Reagan left office in January 1975, he began hosting a national radio show and writing a national newspaper column.
March–July 1975: Conservatives revolt and Reagan rises
Conservative opposition to Ford within the Republican Party began to surface in December 1974, following his appointment of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as vice president. For more than a decade, Rockefeller had represented the party's liberal wing, and the appointment faced immediate criticism from right-wing senators Jesse Helms, Barry Goldwater and John Tower, though Rockefeller's confirmation in the Senate was largely undeterred.[5]
Discontent reached a fever pitch at the second annual Conservative Political Action Conference in February. Speaking there, Reagan dismissed calls to seek the presidency on a third-party ticket: "Is it a third party that we need, or is it a new and revitalized second party, raising a banner of no pale pastels, but bold colors which could make it unmistakably clear where we stand on all the issues troubling the people?" Speakers at CPAC also criticized Ford administration policy, Vice President Rockefeller, and First Lady Betty Ford's public campaign in support of abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment. In March, discussion of Reagan's presidential prospects began to grow following an appearance on The Tonight Show and a profile in Newsweek that called him "the most kinetic single presence in American political life." In defense, the administration drafted a letter of support for President Ford that received the signatures of 113 of 145 GOP representatives and 31 of 38 senators.[6] Ford formally announced he would run for re-election on July 8.
President Ford's snub of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn drew criticism from conservative Cold War hawks, including Ronald Reagan
More than any domestic issue in 1975, foreign policy drove a wedge between the president and his conservative critics. Following the American evacuation of Saigon and the collapse of South Vietnam, these criticisms grew vociferous. On his radio show, Reagan compared the withdrawal from Saigon to the Munich Agreement and warned that it would "tempt the Soviet Union as it once tempted Hitler and the military rulers of Japan."[7] While Ford regained some support from conservatives following the rescue of the SS Mayaguez in Cambodia,[8] he soon drew the ire of the party's right wing with a series of foreign policy moves designed to improve relations with the Soviet Union.
First, President Ford refused to meet with Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn on his visit to the United States on June 21. In response, Reagan publicly criticized Ford by name for the first time in his national newspaper column, contrasting the popular Solzhenitsyn to other "guests the President had entertained in the White House, "the Strawberry Queen of West Virginia and the Maid of Cotton."[9] The day after this column ran, Senator Paul Laxalt announced the formation of a committee named "Friends of Ronald Reagan,"[10] organized for the purpose of drafting Reagan to run for president.
Ford followed the Solzhenitsyn affair with an overseas trip to Eastern Europe, where he signed the Helsinki Accords, a treaty establishing that the current boundaries of Eastern European nations were "inviolable by force." Conservatives and anti-communists harshly criticized Ford for capitulating to Soviet demands and formally recognizing the Eastern bloc. The Wall Street Journal called the Helsinki agreement the "new Yalta."[11] By late August, Ford's approval rating was 34%.[12]
In September, Reagan began to actively campaign in key early states. He stumped in New Hampshire for Louis Wyman in the special election for Senate and began to assemble a campaign staff led by campaign manager John Sears. He secured the endorsement of New Hampshire's conservative governor Meldrim Thomson Jr. and state party chairman, as well as support from moderate former governor Hugh Gregg.[15]
On November 4, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller announced he would not seek nomination as Ford's running mate in 1976.[16] That same day, Ford fired Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger, whose critical comments on the Helsinki summit had been leaked to the press earlier in the fall.[17] That week, Ford traveled to Massachusetts and pledged to campaign in every primary in the nation.[18]
On November 20, Ronald Reagan officially announced his campaign for president.[19]
Ford narrowly defeated Reagan in the New Hampshire primary, and then won the Florida and Illinois primaries by comfortable margins.[citation needed] During the first six contests, Reagan followed the "eleventh commandment" he used during his initial campaign for governor of California: "Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican."[20] By the North Carolina primary, Reagan's campaign was nearly out of money, and it was widely believed that another defeat would force him to quit the race. But with the help of U.S. Senator Jesse Helms's powerful political organization, Reagan upset Ford. Reagan had abandoned the approach of invoking the commandment and beat Ford 52% to 46%, regaining momentum.[21]
Reagan then had a string of impressive victories, including Texas, where he won all delegates at stake in its first binding primary. Four other delegates chosen at the Texas state convention went to Reagan and the state shut out its U.S. senator, John G. Tower, who had been named to manage the Ford campaign on the convention floor. Ford bounced back to win his home state of Michigan, and from there, the two candidates engaged in an increasingly bitter nip-and-tuck contest for delegates. By the time the party's convention opened in August 1976, the race was still too close to call.
^This should not be taken as a finalized list of results. While a significant amount of research was done, there were a number of Delegates who were not bound by the instruction, or "Pledged" to a candidate, and to simplify the data these delegates were considered "Uncommitted". Many states also held primaries for the delegate positions, and these on occasion were where slates or candidates pledge to a certain candidate might be elected; however, as these elections allowed for a single person to vote for multiple candidates, as many as the number of positions being filled, it is difficult to determine how many people actually voted in these primaries. For this reason, while the results of some are in the table, they are not included in the popular vote summaries at the bottom of the table.
^Most of the uncommitted slates supported President Ford
^Iowa Republicans didn't conduct a presidential preference poll for their 1976 caucuses. The results shown are a random sampling that was only conducted in various precincts throughout the state that showed an edge for President Ford. Since delegates weren't required to declare their presidential preference, even through the district and state conventions, it was difficult to judge the breakdown of Iowa's Republican delegation until the convention
^Represents seven votes for Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, one vote for Iowa Governor Robert Ray, and one vote for Elliot Richardson.
^Although all 4 of Guam's delegates were technically uncommitted, they were in favor of Ford.
^Includes 591 (0.53%) Write-In votes for Jimmy Carter, 421 (0.38%) Write-In votes for Morris Udall, 228 (0.20%) Write-In votes for Birch Bayh, and 225 (0.20%) Write-In votes for Fred Harris.
^Although all 8 of Puerto Rico's delegates were technically uncommitted, they were in favor of Ford.
^Includes 7,582 (0.98%) votes for Lawrence "Lar" Daly.
^12 delegates ran as pro-Reagan but didn't have Reagan's endorsement or any support from his organization
^Only one of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Includes 2,543 (0.32%) Write-In votes for Jimmy Carter, 899 (0.11%) Write-In votes for George Wallace, and 742 (0.09%) Write-In votes for Hubert Humphrey.
^14 delegates were said to favor President Ford, 3 Reagan, and 1 uncommitted
^Only one of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Only one of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Only one of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^All 18 delegates were controlled by Reagan supporters
^Only three of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Only two of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Only two of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^Only three of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Only two of eight districts held conventions on this date.
^Only seven of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^Only three of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^While a handful of Reagan delegates were elected, by law they were required to support Ford for the first two ballots.
^While a handful of Reagan delegates were elected, by law they were required to support Ford for the first two ballots.
^Seventeen uncommitted delegates favorably supported President Ford.
^The uncommitted delegate favorably supported President Ford.
^Only five of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^Only one of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^Includes 8,368 (2.80%) Write-In votes for Jerry Brown, 1,371 (0.46%) Write-In votes for Frank Church, and 913 (0.31%) Write-In votes for Jimmy Carter.
^Only one of ten districts held conventions on this date.
^Only one of five districts held conventions on this date.
^All uncommitted delegates favorably supported President Ford.
^Only one of five districts held conventions on this date.
^13 uncommitted delegates supported President Ford.
^10 uncommitted delegates supported President Ford, 3 supported Ronald Reagan.
^Only three of five districts held conventions on this date.
^James Buckley with 2%, Edward Brooke and Daniel Evans with 1% each, and Bill Brock with 0%
^James Buckley with 3%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Daniel Evans with 1%, and Bill Brock with 0%
^James Buckley with 5%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Daniel Evans with 1%, and Bill Brock with 1%
^James Buckley with 3%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Bill Brock with 1%, and Daniel Evans with 0%
^Elliot Richardson with 3%, Mark Hatfield and James Buckley with 2% each, and Edward Brooke with 1%
^Elliot Richardson with 4%, James Buckley with 3%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Edward Brooke with 1%
^Elliot Richardson with 3%, James Buckley with 2%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Edward Brooke with 1%
The 1976 Republican National Convention was held in Kemper Arena, Kansas City. As the convention began, Ford was seen as having a slight lead in delegate votes, but fewer than the 1,130 he needed to win. Reagan and Ford competed for the votes of individual delegates and state delegations. In a bid to woo moderate Northern Republicans, Reagan shocked the convention by announcing that if he won the nomination, Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania, from the northern liberal wing of the party, would be his running mate. The move backfired, however, as few moderates switched to Reagan while many conservative delegates were outraged. The key state of Mississippi, which Reagan needed, narrowly voted for Ford; it was believed that Reagan's choice of Schweiker led Clarke Reed, Mississippi's chairman, to switch to Ford. Ford then narrowly won the nomination on the first ballot. He chose Senator Robert Dole of Kansas as his running mate. After giving his acceptance speech, Ford asked Reagan to say a few words to the convention.
^ abcBased on Time Magazine estimate prior to the 1976 convention; both candidates were short of the needed 1,130 delegates. "Another Loss For the Gipper." CNN AllPolitics "Back in TIME" series. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
^Perlstein, Rick (2014). The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and The Rise of Reagan (1 ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 284–85. ISBN978-1-4767-8241-6.
^Reagan, Ronald (1990). An American Life. Simon and Schuster. p. 150.
^ abWilliams, Brian (October 17, 2007). "the 11th commandment". NBC Nightly News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
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