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Frances P. Bolton
Frances P. Bolton
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives; from Ohio's 22nd district
	In office; February 27, 1940 – January 3, 1969
Preceded by	Chester C. Bolton
Succeeded by	Charles Vanik
Personal details
Born	Frances Payne Bingham; March 29, 1885; Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Died	March 9, 1977 (aged 91); Lyndhurst, Ohio, U.S.
Resting place	Lake View Cemetery
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Chester C. Bolton; (m. 1907; died 1939)
Relations	Harry Bingham (brother); Flora Payne (aunt); Nathan P. Payne (uncle); Oliver Hazard Payne (uncle); Henry B. Payne (grandfather)
Children	4, including Charles and Oliver
Parent(s)	Charles William Bingham; Mary Perry Payne Bingham

Frances Payne Bolton (née Bingham; March 29, 1885 – March 9, 1977)^[1] was an American politician from the Republican Party. She served in the United States House of Representatives, and was the first woman elected to Congress from Ohio.^[2]

In the late 1930s, Bolton took an isolationist position on foreign policy, opposing the Selective Service Act in 1940 which introduced the draft, and opposing Lend-Lease in 1941. During the war she called for desegregation of the military nursing units, which were all-white and all-female.

In 1947 she sponsored a long-range bill for nursing education, but it did not pass. When the draft was resumed after the war, Bolton strongly advocated the conscription of women. Pointing to their prominent role during the war, she said it was vitally important that women continue to play these roles. She saw no threat to marriage,^{[clarification needed]} and argued that women in military service would develop their character and skills, thus enhancing their role in the family. As a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Bolton supported the United Nations, especially UNICEF, and supported the independence of African colonies.^[3]

Early life

She was born on March 29, 1885, in Cleveland, Ohio, as Frances Payne Bingham. She was the daughter of Charles William Bingham (1846–1929) and Mary Perry (née Payne) Bingham (1854–1898). Her siblings included Oliver Perry Bingham, William H. Bingham, Elizabeth Beardsley (née Bingham) Blossom, and Henry Payne Bingham.^[1]

Among her maternal family members was uncle Nathan P. Payne (the former mayor of Cleveland), Oliver Hazard Payne (who worked for Cleveland based Standard Oil and was a trustee for the Standard Oil Trust), and aunt Flora Payne (the wife of U.S. Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney). Her maternal grandfather was wealthy U.S. Senator Henry B. Payne.^[4]

She was educated at private schools in Cleveland, New York City, and in Paris.^[5]

Career

Active in public health, nursing education and other social service, education, and philanthropic work, she succeeded her husband, Chester C. Bolton, in office a few months after his death in 1939. Upon election to the remainder of her late husband's term, Bolton refused the customary widow's allowance comprising the remainder of the salary her late husband would have collected had he served out his term. She represented the 22nd District, mostly consisting of Cleveland's eastern suburbs. Bolton served an additional fourteen terms, serving alongside her son, Oliver P. Bolton, for three of those terms.^[4] She and Oliver appeared on What's My Line? as the only mother and son serving together. It was reported that when he voted against her, she once stage-whispered, "That's my adopted son."^[6]

A confidential 1943 analysis of the House Foreign Affairs Committee by Isaiah Berlin for the British Foreign Office described Bolton as^[7]

A quiet and moderately capable member of the committee, who, while not one of the active Opposition Four, is likely to be suspicious of any New Deal internationalism. Her record before Pearl Harbor was Isolationist. Nationalist rather than internationalist in outlook, at any rate, at present.

Serving on the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Bolton called Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in May 1954 after the fall of the French base at Dien Bien Phu, urging him to invite nurse Genevieve de Galard to the United States. When Galard arrived in July, Bolton described her as a "symbol of heroic femininity in the free world".^[8] After receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Galard was received at a dinner for three hundred in Congresswoman Bolton's home district of Cleveland while on a tour of the country.^[9]

Bolton voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,^[10] 1960,^[11] 1964,^[12] and 1968,^[13] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.^[14]

House Foreign Affairs Committee

In 1955, she became the first American woman member of Congress to head an international delegation, using her own resources to fund it. As a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee's subcommittee on Africa, she felt it was her responsibility to visit as much of Africa as possible. Arriving in Senegal on September 1, she spent the next six weeks crisscrossing the continent by plane, train, boat, and car. Her important stops included Liberia, Ghana (then still known as the Gold Coast), the Belgian Congo, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), South Africa, and Ethiopia. She met with leading nationalists such as Kwame Nkrumah, powerful politicians such as Haile Selassie, and leading women such as the Queen Mother of the Tutsis. She also spent a lot of time during her trip visiting schools and talking with young people, and meeting with women from all walks of life in the markets or clinics. As someone with a lifelong interest in education and health care, she prioritized these issues during her African travels.

When she got back to the United States she submitted a very thorough and insightful report to Congress. One of her recommendations was that Congress should create a new State Department Bureau for African Affairs to be overseen by a new assistant secretary of state for African affairs. Bolton helped to see that this did in fact happen, and Congress created the new bureau in 1958.^[15] In addition to sharing information about her trip with Congress through her official report, Bolton also made an impressive effort to enlighten the American people about the diversity of the African continent by creating a film about her trip, entitled Africa: Giant With a Future, 1955. This film is an excellent resource for students and instructors wanting a look at several African countries/colonies in the mid-1950s and has been made available on DVD by the National Archives. In addition to educating Congress and the general public about Africa, Bolton's trip helped to begin the process of opening doors for women to play a major role in US foreign relations.^[16]

In addition to influencing US relations with Africa, another of Bolton's most lasting achievements was sponsoring legislation to purchase property across the Potomac River from Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington.^[17] This prevented commercialization of the area and preserved its appearance as it was when Washington lived there. Bolton had a phenomenal relationship with her constituents of Italian-American heritage and was known for mailing government child-care pamphlets to homes where new children were born. The nursing school at Case Western Reserve University is named in her honor for her accomplishments and generosity in the field of public nursing.^[18]

Later life

After rising to become ranking minority member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Bolton was defeated in a bid for a sixteenth term in 1968 by Charles Vanik. She was, until Louise Slaughter's continued service in 2012, the oldest woman to serve in the House of Representatives. Bolton retired to her family home, Franchester (named for herself and her late husband), in Lyndhurst, Ohio.

Personal life

In 1907, Frances Payne Bingham married Chester Castle Bolton (1882–1939). Together, they were the parents of four children:^[19]

Charles Bingham Bolton (1909–1976), a dentist who developed the "Bolton Standards of Craniofacial Growth".^[20]
Kenyon Castle Bolton (1912–1983),^[21] a philanthropist and patron of the arts who married Mary Idelle Peters of Lancaster, Ohio.^[22]
Oliver Payne Bolton (1917–1972), who also served in the U.S. House of Representatives.^[23]
Elizabeth Bolton (1919–1919), who died in infancy.^[5]

She died in Lyndhurst, Ohio, on March 9, 1977,^[1] and was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.^[4]

Legacy

She was a devotee of yoga.^[24] The Bolton Fellowship supports research in parapsychology.^[25]

Bolton and her husband donated land adjacent to their estate in 1922 to create the campus of Hawken School in Lyndhurst, Ohio. Her sons attended the private country day school.^[26]

Her papers are held at the Western Reserve Historical Society.

The school of nursing at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland is named Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing in her honor.

Sources

^ ^a ^b ^c "FRANCES BOLTON DIES; Succeeded Late Husband in Ohio Post and Served for 30 Years" (PDF). The New York Times. March 10, 1977. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ Rep. Frances P. Bolton dies, March 9, 1977 - Andrew Glass - POLITICO.com
^ Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed. Political Profiles: The Truman Years (1978) pp 43-44
^ ^a ^b ^c United States Congress. "Frances Payne Bolton (id: b000607)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ ^a ^b "Finding aid for the Frances Payne Bingham Bolton Photographs". ead.ohiolink.edu. Western Reserve Historical Society. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ Visitors and Friends: Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing at Case Western Reserve University
^ Hachey, Thomas E. (Winter 1973–1974). "American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943" (PDF). Wisconsin Magazine of History. 57 (2): 141–153. JSTOR 4634869. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
^ Morgan, Ted (2010). Valley of Death: The Tragedy at Dien Bien Phu That Led America into the Vietnam War. Random House Publishing Group. p. 629. ISBN 978-1-58836-980-2.
^ Morgan 2010, p. 630.
^ "HR 6127. Civil Rights Act of 1957". GovTrack.us.
^ "HR 8601. Passage".
^ "H.R. 7152. PASSAGE".
^ "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES".
^ "TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT".
^ Andrew DeRoche, "Frances Bolton and Africa, 1955–58," Passport: The Newsletter of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (January 2010), 34–37.
^ Andrew DeRoche, "Frances Bolton, Margaret Tibbetts and the US Relations with the Rhodesian Federation, 1950–1960," in Jan-Bart Gewald, editor, Living the End of Empire: Politics and Society in Late Colonial Zambia (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 299–325.
^ About | Our land serves as an outdoor classroom for our educational programs, research, agricultural and conservation projects
^ Frances Payne Bolton
^ "BOLTON, FRANCES PAYNE". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
^ MR, N (April 1976). "Charles B. Bolton". Angle Orthodontist. 46: 303.
^ "BOLTON, KENYON C." case.edu. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ "Kenyon C. Bolton Dies; Patron of Arts Was 71". The New York Times. 18 July 1983. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ "Oliver P. Bolton of Ohio, 55, Dies". New York Times. 1972-12-15.
^ "Women in Congress - Frances Payne Bolton, Representative from Ohio". Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
^ Frances Bolton Fellowship Section Home - Parapsychology Foundation
^ "Philanthropy". The Life of Frances Payne Bolton. Retrieved 6 October 2017.

References

David Loth. A Long Way Forward, A Biography of a Congresswoman: Frances P. Bolton (New York: Longmans, Green 1957).^{[ISBN missing]}

External links

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Frances P Bolton" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
[Gateway to Paradise: Bingham-Bolton-Blossom Estate in Palm Beach] – Casa Apava, built in 1918 for Frances Payne Bolton.
Frances P. Bolton at Find a Grave
Spring, Kelly. "Frances Bolton". National Women's History Museum. 2017.