1971 in science

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The year 1971 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• January 31 – Apollo program: Astronauts aboard Apollo 14 lift off for a mission to the Moon.
• February 5 – Apollo 14 lands on the Moon.
• February 9 – Apollo program: Apollo 14 returns to Earth after the third crewed Moon landing.
• May 19 – Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union.
• May 30 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars.
• June 30 – The crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve during re-entry preparations, the only human deaths to occur outside Earth's atmosphere.
• July 26 – Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15. On July 31 the Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover a day after landing on the Moon's surface.
• November 13 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 enters Mars orbit.

Biology

• July – Francis G. Howarth discovers communities of specialized thermophile cave animals living in lava tubes at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.^[1]
• C. A. W. Jeekel publishes Nomenclator Generum et Familiarum Diplopodorum.
• John O'Keefe discovers place cells in the mammalian brain.^[2][3]

Computer science

• July 4 – Michael S. Hart posts the first e-book, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's mainframe computer, the origin of Project Gutenberg.^[4]
• November 3 – The Unix Programmer's Manual is published.
• November 15 – Intel release the world's first microprocessor, the 4004.
• November/December – Computer Space is released, the first arcade video game.
• Ray Tomlinson sends the first ARPAnet e-mail between host computers, at BBN, Cambridge, Massachusetts, with the first use of the @ sign in an address.^[5]
• Kenbak-1 goes on sale, considered to be the world's first personal computer by the Computer History Museum and the American Computer Museum.
• The earliest floppy disks, 8 inches in diameter, become commercially available as components of products shipped by IBM, their inventor.

Conservation

• February 2 – The international Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands is signed in Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran.

Earth sciences

• February 9 – The San Fernando (Sylmar) earthquake occurs in southern California with a magnitude of 6.6 and a perceived intensity of XI (extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale.

Mathematics

• Stephen Cook introduces the concept of NP-completeness in computational complexity theory at the 3rd Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing.^[6]
• Daniel Quillen publishes a proof of the Adams conjecture.^[7]
• Steven Takiff introduces Takiff algebras.^[8]
• The Quine–Putnam indispensability argument is first presented explicitly, by Hilary Putnam in his book Philosophy of Logic.

Medicine

• October 1 – Godfrey Hounsfield's invention, X-ray computed tomography, is first used on a patient with a cerebral cyst at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London.^[9]
• Boston Women's Health Book Collective publishes Our Bodies, Ourselves in the U.S.
• E. G. L. Bywaters characterises adult-onset Still's disease, a rare form of inflammatory arthritis.^[10]
• Smallpox is eradicated from the Americas.^[11]

Paleontology

• August 3 – The Fighting Dinosaurs, a fossil specimen featuring a Velociraptor and a Protoceratops in combat, is first located in the Late Cretaceous Djadochta Formation of Mongolia by a Polish-Mongolian team.^[12]

Physics

• Roger Penrose proposes the Penrose process.^[13]

Psychology

• August 14–20 – Stanford prison experiment.
• Konrad Lorenz publishes Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume II.

Technology

• Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs in the United States set out the parameters for a practical cellular telephone network.
• J. J. Stiffler publishes his book Theory of Synchronous Communications and edits a special issue of IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology on error correction codes.

Institutions

• Paris Descartes University begins to function in continuation of the medical department of the University of Paris.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Dennis Gabor
  • Chemistry – Gerhard Herzberg
  • Medicine – Earl W Sutherland, Jr
• Turing Award – John McCarthy

Births

• May 29 – Howard Gobioff (d. 2008), American computer scientist.
• June 28 – Elon Musk, South African-born Canadian-American entrepreneur, engineer, inventor and investor.
• July 4 – Sivakumar Veerasamy, Indian plant geneticist.
• July 21 – Sara Seager, Canadian-American astrophysicist.
• August 2 – Ruth Lawrence, English-born mathematician.

Deaths

• January 23 – Fritz Feigl (b. 1891), Austrian-born Brazilian chemist
• January 25 – Donald Winnicott (b. 1896), English child psychiatrist.
• February 16 – Heinrich Willi (b. 1900), Swiss pediatrician.
• February 25 – Theodor Svedberg (b. 1884), Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• March 11 – Philo T. Farnsworth (b. 1906), American television pioneer.
• April 1 – Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (b. 1903), Irish-born crystallographer.
• April 6 – Margaret Newton (b. 1887), Canadian plant pathologist.
• April 12 – Igor Tamm (b. 1895), Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• June 6 – Edward Andrade (b. 1887), English physicist.
• June 15
  • Hillel Oppenheimer (b. 1899), German-born Israeli botanist.
  • Wendell Meredith Stanley (b. 1904), American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate.
• June 30 – Soviet cosmonauts
  • Georgy Dobrovolsky (b. 1928)
  • Vladislav Volkov (b. 1935)
  • Viktor Patsayev (b. 1933)
• September 15 – Benno Mengele (b. 1898), Austrian electrical engineer

References

1. Howarth, Francis G. (1972-01-21). "Cavernicoles in Lava Tubes on the Island of Hawaii". Science. 175 (4019): 325–326. Bibcode:1972Sci...175..325H. doi:10.1126/science.175.4019.325. JSTOR 1733505. PMID 17814543. S2CID 36219772.
2. O'Keefe, John; Dostrovsky, Jonathan (1971). "The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat". Brain Research. 34 (1): 171–175. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1. PMID 5124915.
3. Binder, Marc D (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Springer. p. 3166. ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8.
4. Hart, Michael (August 1992). "The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2011-10-05..
5. Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
6. Cook, Stephen (1971). "The complexity of theorem proving procedures". Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. pp. 151–158. doi:10.1145/800157.805047. ISBN 9781450374644. S2CID 7573663.
7. Quillen, Daniel (1971). "The Adams Conjecture". Topology. 10: 67–80. doi:10.1016/0040-9383(71)90018-8. ISSN 0040-9383. MR 0279804.
8. Takiff, S. J. (1971). "Rings of invariant polynomials for a class of Lie algebras". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 160: 249–262. doi:10.2307/1995803. ISSN 0002-9947. JSTOR 1995803. MR 0281839.
9. Beckmann, E. C. (2006). "CT scanning: the early days". British Journal of Radiology. 79 (937): 5–8. doi:10.1259/bjr/29444122. PMID 16421398.
10. Bywaters, E. G. L. (March 1971). "Still's disease in the adult". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 30 (2): 121–33. doi:10.1136/ard.30.2.121. PMC 1005739. PMID 5315135.
11. "Americas region is declared the world's first to eliminate rubella". WHO. 2015-04-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
12. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Barsbold, R. (1972). "Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions, 1967-1971" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 27: 1−12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-05-20.
13. Penrose, R.; Floyd, R. M. (1971). "Extraction of Rotational Energy from a Black Hole". Nature Physical Science. 229 (6): 177. Bibcode:1971NPhS..229..177P. doi:10.1038/physci229177a0.