1880 in science

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The year 1880 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

Archaeology

Main article: 1880 in archaeology

• January – The Gokstad ship is found in Norway, the first Viking ship burial to be excavated.^[1]

Astronomy

• September 30 – American doctor Henry Draper takes the first photograph of the Orion Nebula, from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York; this year he also photographs the spectrum of Jupiter.

Mathematics

• July – John Venn popularises Venn diagrams ("Eulerian circles").^[2][3]
• F. Landry finds the largest known Fermat prime, 65,537.
• The United States Census Bureau first encounters the "Alabama paradox".^[4]

Medicine

• January 24 – English surgeon Sampson Gamgee reports on his use of the medical dressing Gamgee Tissue.^[5]
• July
  • German professor of pathology Karl Eberth first visualizes the bacteria which will become known as Salmonella in the Peyer's patches and spleens of typhoid patients.^[6]
  • Scottish surgeon William Macewen reports on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy.^[7]
• Moritz Kaposi publishes Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten in Vorlesungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende ("Pathology and treatment of diseases of the skin, for practitioners and students"), a significant textbook in dermatology.^[8]

Physics

• February 13 – Thomas Edison observes the Edison effect.
• The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect is made by the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.^[9]
• Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulates the Law of Corresponding States.

Technology

• January 27 – Thomas Edison is granted a United States patent for the incandescent light bulb.^[10]
• February 2
  • The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana (city fully illuminated March 31).^[11]
  • The first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia arrives in London, aboard the SS Strathleven.^[12]
• February 19 – The photophone, an optical speech transmission system, is invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter in Washington, D.C.
• May 2 – The newly-launched SS Columbia becomes the first transport vehicle to use Edison's incandescent light bulbs when she is lit up for the first time at the foot of Wall Street in New York City.
• May 13 – Edison performs the first test of his electric railway in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
• June 1 – Tinius Olsen is awarded a U.S. patent for his "Little Giant" universal testing machine.
• November 4 – The first cash register is patented by James and John Ritty of Dayton, Ohio.
• Dugald Clerk builds the first successful two-stroke engine.^[13]
• Lima Machine Works ships the first Shay locomotive to Ephraim Shay's design to a logger in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Publications

• February – The journal Science is first published in the United States with financial backing from Thomas Edison.
• Start of publication of Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76.

Awards

• Copley Medal: James Joseph Sylvester^[14]
• Wollaston Medal: Auguste Daubrée

Births

• January 18 – Paul Ehrenfest (died 1933), Austrian physicist and mathematician.
• January 22 – Frigyes Riesz (died 1956), Hungarian mathematician.
• February 17 – Reginald Farrer (died 1920), English botanist.
• June 21 – Arnold Gesell (died 1961), American developmental psychologist.
• June 24 – Oswald Veblen (died 1960), American mathematician.
• August 17 – Paul Kammerer (died 1926), Austrian Lamarckian biologist.
• October 15 – Marie Stopes (died 1958), English paleobotanist and pioneer of birth control.

Deaths

• January 9 – William Budd (born 1811), English physician and epidemiologist.
• May 6 – Friedrich Bayer (born 1825), German manufacturing chemist.
• May 27 – Alfred Swaine Taylor (born 1806), English toxicologist, "father of British forensic medicine".
• July 9 – Paul Broca (born 1824), French anthropologist.
• October 5 – William Lassell (born 1799), English astronomer.
• December 31
  • Eric Holmes (born 1821), British chemist.
  • John Stenhouse (born 1809), Scottish chemist.

References

1. Vinner, Max (2002). Boats of the Viking Ship Museum. Oslo: Viking Ship Museum. ISBN 978-8785180636.
2. Venn, J. (July 1880). "I. On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings" (PDF). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 10 (59): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14786448008626877. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-16. [1] [2]
3. Sandifer, Ed (2003). "How Euler Did It" (PDF). MAA Online. Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
4. Stein, James D. (2008). How Math Explains the World. New York: Smithsonian Books. pp. 228–31. ISBN 9780061241765.
5. Gamgee, J. S. (1880-01-24). "Absorbent and medicated surgical dressings". The Lancet. 115 (2943): 127–128. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36703-5.
6. Eberth, C. J. (1880-07-01). "Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis". Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin (in German). 81 (1): 58–74. doi:10.1007/BF01995472. ISSN 0720-8723. S2CID 6979333.
7. Macewen, William (1880-07-24). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". The British Medical Journal. 2 (1021): 122–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122. JSTOR 25254413. PMC 2241154. PMID 20749630.; Macewen, William (1880-07-31). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". BMJ. 2 (1022): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163. JSTOR 25254466. PMC 2241109. PMID 20749636.
8. Holubar, Karl; Fatovic-Ferencic, Stella. "Moriz Kaposi 1837-1902: a historical reappraisal". Archived from the original on 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
9. Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement par compression de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Bulletin de la Société minérologique de France 3: 90-93. Reprinted in: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 91: 294-295. See also: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Comptes rendus 91: 383-386.
10. U.S. patent 0,223,898
11. "Brush Arc Lighting". Archived from the original on 2008-07-24.
12. Burke, James (1978). Connections. London: Macmillan. p. 242. ISBN 0-333-24827-9.
13. Boothroyd, David. "Forgotten Hero: The man who invented the two-stroke engine". The VU. Archived from the original on 2004-12-15. Retrieved 2005-01-19.
14. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.