136th Attack Squadron

136th Attack Squadron
The 136th Attack Squadron has operated MQ-9 Reapers since 2015
Active	1942–1945; 1948–1952; 1952–1969; 1969–present
Country	United States
Allegiance	New York
Branch	Air National Guard
Type	Squadron
Role	Unmanned vehicle attack
Part of	New York Air National Guard
Garrison/HQ	Niagara Falls Joint Air Reserve Station, New York
Decorations	Distinguished Unit Citation[1]
Insignia
136th Airlift Squadron emblem
136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron emblem[a][1]
136th Air Refueling Squadron emblem
503d Fighter Squadron emblem[2]
Tail stripe	"Niagara" on a blue stripe
Identification symbol	Tail code in Vietnam SG,[3] World War II fuselage code D7 [2]
Aircraft flown
Attack	MQ-9 Reaper

The 136th Attack Squadron is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 107th Attack Wing located at Niagara Falls Joint Air Reserve Station, New York. The 136th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command.

Mission

History

World War II

Organization and training

A-24, first plane flown by the squadron

The first predecessor of the squadron was formed in August 1942 as the 482nd Bombardment Squadron at Hunter Field, Georgia, one of the original four squadrons of the 339th Bombardment Group.^[1][4][5] It was equipped with Douglas A-24 Banshee dive bombers. In July 1943, it moved to Walterboro Army Air Field, South Carolina, where it re-equipped with Bell P-39 Airacobras. The following month, along with all other single engine bomber units of the Army Air Forces (AAF), it was redesignated as a fighter-bomber unit, becoming the 503rd Fighter-Bomber Squadron. It moved to Rice Army Air Field, California in September 1943, where in addition to training with its P-39s, it participated in maneuvers. It departed Rice for the European Theater of Operations on 9 March 1944, sailing from the New York Port of Embarkation on the MV Stirling Castle on 22 March.^[1][4][6]

Combat in the European Theater

Squadron P-51 Mustang in the snow^[b]

The squadron landed in England on 4 April^[6] and arrived at its combat station, RAF Fowlmere, the next day. Its first airplane arrived on 12 April,^[6] a North American P-51B Mustang. It quickly converted to the new fighter, and flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep, on 30 April. In May, it dropped the "Bomber" from its name, becoming the 503rd Fighter Squadron. It flew escort for Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers during its first five weeks of operations, and afterwards flew escort missions to cover operations of medium and heavy bombers that struck strategic objectives, interdicted enemy lines of communication, and provided air support for ground forces.^[4] In June 1954, it began to receive updated P-51D models of the Mustang. The 339th Group was also the first VII Fighter Command unit to be equipped with g-suits, which enabled its fighters to make tighter turns in dogfights.^[7]

On D-Day It provided fighter cover over the English Channel and the coast of Normandy for the landing forces. It strafed and dive bombed vehicles, locomotives, marshaling yards, flak batteries, and troops while Allied forces fought to break out of the beachhead in France. It attacked transportation targets during Operation Cobra, the July breakout at Saint Lo, and the subsequent Allied drive across France. It flew area patrols during Operation Market-Garden, the airborne landings attempting to secure a bridgehead across the Rhine in the Netherlands in September.^[4]

The squadron frequently strafed airfields and other targets of opportunity while on escort missions.^[c] It was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions on escort missions on 10 and 11 September 1944. On the first day, after escorting bombers attacking a target in Germany, it attacked Erding Airfield, destroying or damaging enemy aircraft despite intense fire from antiaircraft guns and small arms. The following day it escorted a formation of bombers attacking Munich that was attacked by enemy interceptor aircraft, in the strongest defense put up by Luftflotte Reich since May.^[8] The 339th Group shot down fifteen enemy fighters and drove off the remaining attacking aircraft, while other elements attacked an airfield near Karlsruhe, encountering heavy fire, but damaging or destroying numerous aircraft parked on the field.^[d][4][9]

The squadron escorted bombers to, and flew patrols over the battle area during the Battle of the Bulge, the German counterattack in the Ardennes in December 1944 through early January 1945. In March 1945 it supported Operation Varsity, the assault across the Rhine in Germany, patrolling the area to prevent German air attacks.^[4] It flew its last combat mission on 21 April 1945.^[6] The squadron was credited with 90 air to air victories during its year in combat.^[10]

In August and September 1945, the squadron transferred its planes to depots and many of its personnel were reassigned.^[6] The remaining squadron members left the theater in September,^[1] preceding the remainder of the 339th Group, which sailed on the RMS Queen Mary in October.^[4][6] It was briefly stationed at Drew Field once again before inactivating on 7 November 1945.^[1]

New York Air National Guard

Squadron F-47D Thunderbolt^[e]

The 503d Squadron was redesignated the 136th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946.^[1] It was organized at Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, and extended federal recognition on 8 December 1948. The squadron was equipped with Republic F-47D Thunderbolts and assigned to the 107th Fighter Group. The mission of the 136th Fighter Squadron was to train and equip to be capable of immediate mobilization to perform its Federal mission and to function efficiently when called on by the State of New York to preserve peace, order and public safety.^[11]

Korean War mobilization

The 136th was called to active duty on 2 March 1951 as a result of the Korean War, and assigned to the 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group, stationed at Dow Air Force Base, Maine. On mobilization, the squadron was redesignated the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. Although now performing an active air defense mission, it remained at Niagara Falls. In February 1952, the squadron was reassigned to the 4708th Air Defense Wing, stationed at Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan.^[12] On 1 November 1952 the squadron was released from active duty and its air defense mission, personnel and F-47s were transferred to the 47th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was simultaneously activated at Niagara Falls.^[13][14]

Air defense

Squadron F-51Hs in flight

107th Fighter-Interceptor Group F-94^[f]

The unit was reformed at Niagara Falls on 1 December 1952, absorbing the resources of the 8136th Air Base Squadron, which had been formed on 1 June in anticipation of the squadron's return to state service. Forty per cent of the 136th's personnel served overseas,^[3] many in Korea, and provided combat experience for the squadron.^[15] It was equipped with the North American F-51H Mustang very long range fighter.^[3] By 1954, the Mustang was ending its service life and the squadron received its first jet Lockheed F-94B Starfires in February 1954.^[3] However, the F-94 required a two-man aircrew, a pilot and an observer, to operate its radar equipment. The additional recruitment of guardsmen led to the units' having a manning and capabilities problem. It was not until 1955 that a regular flow of graduates from the radar observer school began.^[g][16]

Squadron F-86H in flight

In 1956, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized and redesignated the 107th Air Defense Wing.^[17] The 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron remained at Niagara Falls and was assigned directly to the wing. The North American F-86H Sabre replaced the F-94 Starfires in 1957.^[18]

Tactical fighter operations

Squadron F-100C about 1960^[h]

A major change to the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, with the 136th being redesignated as the 137th Tactical Fighter Squadron. The new assignment involved a change in the squadron's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The squadron retained F-86H Sabres until 1960, when they were replaced by North American F-100C Super Sabre.^[3] In October 1961, the squadron was called to active duty for the Berlin Crisis. Although the squadron was slated to deploy to Bitburg Air Base, tensions eased and the squadron did not deploy before being released to state control in August 1962.^[3]

In 1962, the 107th Tactical Fighter Group moved back to Niagara Falls, with the activation of the 174th Tactical Fighter Group at Syracuse and the 136th was again assigned to it. Six F-100 fighters of the 136th deployed to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii in 1965 for Operation Tropic Lighting I at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. This was the first Pacific Ocean crossing by an Air National Guard fighter unit.^[3]

The squadron provided close air support for jungle warfare training of the U. S. Army's 25th Division in Hawaii prior to their combat deployment to South Vietnam The Niagara jets were flown across the Pacific and refueled twice in flight, marking the first time an Air National Guard unit has performed such a mission.

Squadron F-100s after their return from Tuy Hoa Air Base, now in camouflage paint, 1969

On 26 January 1968, the 136th Tactical Fighter Squadron was federalized in the wake of the USS Pueblo crisis.^[3] It deployed to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida for gunnery and close air ground support training in April.^[i] In June, the squadron moved to Tuy Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam to reinforce the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing.^[3][19] It was joined at Tuy Hoa by the New Mexico Air National Guard 188th Tactical Fighter Squadron. From Tuy Hoa, the squadron conducted combat operations, carried out interdiction strikes, conducted visual and photo reconnaissance, rescue combat air patrols, and suppressed enemy antiaircraft artillery. The squadron also conducted air operations against enemy forces during the 1968 Tet Offensive and the Siege of Khe Sanh from February to April 1968. It flew close air support missions during the Battle of Kham Duc on 12 May 1968.^{[citation needed]} The squadron was returned to Niagara Falls in late May and returned to state control on 11 June 1969.^[3]

Return to air defense

Squadron F-101F about 1976^[j]

The 136th Tactical Fighter Squadron returned to an air defense mission in June 1971 when it received F-101B Voodoo interceptors and rejoined Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM). In 1972, after the completion of the transition to the Voodoo from the F-100s, the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron began operating on a 24-hour-a-day, 365 days a year alert as part of North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). In 1979, ADCOM was inactivated and the air defense mission was assumed by Tactical Air Command. The 107th FIG became gained by Air Defense, Tactical Air Command, which functioned at the Numbered Air Force echelon of TAC. In 1981 the 136th was re-equipped with F-4C Phantom IIs and in 1982 returned to NORAD alert status.

The 136th received more advanced McDonnell F-4D Phantom IIs in 1986. Beginning in July, a detachment was formed to provide air defense alert at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. With the detachment at Charleston, the 136th was on a 24/365 alert over a 1,480-mile round-trip area. Interceptors from Charleston monitored Soviet Air Force Tupolev Tu-95 Bear Bombers flying down the Atlantic seacoast to and from airfields in Cuba. The 136th also deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany to perform an air defense alert mission in Operation Creek Klaxon. Squadrons from he Air National Guard rotated deployments and stood alert duties for just over a year at Ramstein while the resident 86th Tactical Fighter Wing converted to General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons. The 86th resumed alert duties on 1 April 1987.

Squadron McDonnell F-4C about 1983^[k]

The 136th replaced its Vietnam Era F-4D Phantom II fighter aircraft with 20 Block 15 F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters configured as air defense fighters in 1990. Personnel and aircraft deployed to Jacksonville Air National Guard Base, Florida, taking advantage of the better weather conditions to accelerate the F-16 conversion.

Due to its air defense commitment, the 136th was not mobilized during the 1991 Gulf Crisis. However, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group deployed firefighter and medical personnel as backfilled personnel to stateside bases vacated by active-duty personnel deployed to the Middle East.

In 1992, the 136th was redesignated as the 136th Fighter Squadron. On 1 October 1995, the Air National Guard adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the squadron was assigned to the new 107th Operations Group.

Squadron KC-135R Stratotanker^[l]

With the arrival of the KC-135R Stratotanker in March 1994, the 136th Fighter Squadron converted from an air defense mission to aerial refueling and was redesignated as the 136th Air Refueling Squadron. The 136th provided support for worldwide air refueling missions. When called upon, the 136th also used the KC-135R as a cargo and passenger transport.

In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.

Since 1996, the 136th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron, with the 136th being the major force provider, was formed and deployed in support of world contingencies including Operations to include, but not limited to, Strong Resolve 2002, Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Decisive Endeavor, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Northeast Tanker Task Force.

Twenty-first century

A 136th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron C-130 Hercules flying over Afghanistan

In November 2007, the 107th was notified that it would become an airlift unit. This was directed by the Base Realignment and Closure of 2005. It became an associate unit to the Air Force Reserve Command 914th Airlift Wing, already based at Niagara Falls. The 914th has had responsibility for the C-130H2 Hercules aircraft used by the 136th, and airmen from both units jointly operate them. With this change, the Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station received additional C-130 aircraft from the Tennessee Air National Guard's 118th Airlift Wing in Nashville, Tennessee. The 136th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron has deployed to both Iraq and Afghanistan in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.

During Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012, members of the unit deployed to New York City and Long Island to assist in recovery operations. The unit was deployed first to Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh and then traveled to Peekskill, which is in Westchester County. As part of the recovery effort, unit members performed road clearing, traffic control, helping displaced personnel with feeding and getting them back in their housing and getting them out of flood-stricken areas.

It was announced in early 2012 that federal budget reductions would affect the mission of the 107th Airlift Wing. The future of the unit is presently being discussed by New York representatives and the Air Force.

Lineage

• Constituted as the 482d Bombardment Squadron (Dive) on 3 August 1942

Activated on 10 August 1942

Redesignated 503d Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 10 August 1943

Redesignated 503d Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 30 May 1944

Inactivated on 7 November 1945

• Redesignated: 136th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine^[12] and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946^[20]

Activated and received federal recognition on 8 December 1948

Federalized and ordered to active service on 2 March 1951^[12]

Redesignated 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron c. 2 March 1951^[12]

Inactivated and released from active duty and returned to New York state control on 1 December 1952^[12]

Activated on 1 December 1952

Redesignated 136th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Special Delivery) on 10 November 1958

Federalized and ordered to active service in October 1961

Released from active duty in August 1962

Redesignated 136th Tactical Fighter Squadron c. 15 October 1962

Federalized and ordered to active service on 26 January 1968

Inactivated, released from active duty and returned to New York state control on 11 June 1969

Redesignated 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 June 1971

Redesignated 136th Fighter Squadron on 16 March 1992

Redesignated 136th Air Refueling Squadron on 1 July 1994

Redesignated 136th Airlift Squadron on 1 July 2008

Redesignated 136th Attack Squadron^[3]

Assignments

• 339th Bombardment Group (later 339th Fighter-Bomber Group, 339th Fighter Group), 10 August 1942 – 18 October 1945
• Unknown 18 October – 7 November 1945^[20]
• 107th Fighter Group, 8 December 1948
• 101st Fighter-Interceptor Group, 2 March 1951
• 4708th Defense Wing, 6 February 1952
• 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 December 1952
• 107th Air Defense Wing, 1 May 1956
• 107th Tactical Fighter Group, 10 November 1958
• 140th Tactical Fighter Wing, 26 January 1968
• 31st Tactical Fighter Wing, 14 June 1968
• 107th Tactical Fighter Group (later 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 107th Fighter Group, 107th Air Refueling Group), 11 June 1969
• 107th Operations Group, 1 October 1995 – present^[3]

Stations

Hunter Field, Georgia, 10 Aug 1942 Drew Field, Florida, 6 Feb 1943 Walterboro Army Air Field, South Carolina, 3 Jul 1943 Rice Army Air Field, California, 17 Sept 1943 – 9 Mar 1944 RAF Fowlmere (AAF-378),[21] England, 5 Apr 1944 – 7 Sept 1945 Drew Field, Florida, c. 20 Sep – 7 Nov 1945[22] Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, 8 December 1948 – 1 December 1952

Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, 1 December 1952 Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico, 16 January 1968 Tuy Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, 20 May 1968 – 5 June 1969 Niagara Falls International Airport (later Niagara Falls Air National Guard Base, Niagara Falls Joint Air Reserve Station), 5 June 1969[3] Detachment operated from Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, July 1986 – June 1994

Aircraft

• Douglas A-24 Banshee, 1942–1943
• Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1943–1944
• North American P-51 Mustang, 1944–1945^[20]
• Republic F-47D Thunderbolt, 1948–1952
• North American F-51H Mustang, 1952–1954
• Lockheed F-94B Starfire, 1954–1957
• North American F-86H Sabre, 1957–1960
• North American F-100C Super Sabre, 1960–1971
• McDonnell F-101B Voodoo, 1971–1982
• McDonnell F-4C Phantom II, 1982–1986
• McDonnell F-4D Phantom II, 1986–1990
• Generall Dynamics Block 15 ADF F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, 1990–1994
• Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker, 1994–2008
• Lockheed C-130H Hercules, 2008–2015^[3]
• General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, 2015–present

References

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. Approved 7 August 1951. Description: On an irregular shaped cloud, outlined blue over a lightning flash yellow, outlined red, a Thunderbird red, outlined black, flying.
2. Aircraft is North American P-51C-10-NT Mustang, serial 43-25020 D7-H with a Malcom Hood. This plane crashed on an escort mission near Magdeburg, Germany on 28 March 1945 with the loss of the pilot. Dirkx, Marco (21 June 2024). "1943 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 12 November 2024. Missing Aircrew Report 12872.
3. These were named "Jackpot" missions, with fighters assigned a specific area to strafe. Freeman, p. 159.
4. The 339th Group was the only group in VIII Fighter Command to destroy more than 100 aircraft on the ground on two occasions. Both were in April 1945. Freeman, p. 249.
5. Aircraft is Republic P-47D-30-RA Thunderbolt, serial 44-33849
6. Aircraft is Lockheed F-94B-1-LO, serial 50-0856, taken in 1955.
7. This did not solve the problem, which persisted until the squadron converted to single seat F-86Hs in 1957. Adjutant General Report 1957, p. 97.
8. Aircraft is North American F-100c-20-NA Super Sabre, serial 54-1914. This plane crashed during a night gunnery mission at Avon Park Gunnery Range during the squadron's preparation for deployment to Vietnam. Dirkx, Marco (6 May 2024). "1954 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher's Serial Number List. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
9. The squadron lost three aiplanes and their pilots during this preparation for depoyment. Unit Histories, 136 Attack Squadorn.
10. Aircraft is McDonnell F-101F-106-MC VooDoo, serial 58-0262. This plane was sent to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) in May 1982. It was later used as a ground instruction airframe at Clark Air Base, Philippines. Dirkx, Marco (26 April 2024). "1958 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher’s Serial Number List. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
11. Aircraft is McDonnell F-4C-19-MC Phantom, serial 63-7541. The crew of this aircraft was credited with shooting down a MiG-21 while assigned to the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron in Thailand. It was sent to AMARC on 25 February 1987, then on 22 April 1991 to the Tolicha Peak Range for use as a target. Dirkx, Marco (8 July 2024). "1963 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher’s Serial Number List. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
12. Aircraft is Boeing KC-135R-BN Stratotanker, Maid of the Mist, serial 64-14839. Built as a KC-135A-BN, and converted to KC-135R. Transferred to the 108th Air Refueling Squadron. Dirkx, Marco (8 April 2024). "1964 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher’s Serial Number List. Retrieved 15 November 2024.

Citations

1. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 606
2. Watkins, pp. 52-53
3. No byline (19 February 2021). "136 Attack Squadron" (PDF). USAF Unit Histories. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
4. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 216-218
5. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 607-09
6. Freeman, p. 249
7. Freeman, p. 167
8. Freeman, p. 188
9. Freeman, p. 189
10. Newton, pp. 666-67
11. Hausauer, Maj Gen Karl F. (31 December 1949). "New York Department of Military Affairs Adjutant General Report, 1949" (PDF). New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. pp. 117–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
12. Cornett & Johnson, p. 123
13. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 206-07
14. Cornett & Johnson, pp. 115, 123
15. Hausauer, Maj Gen Karl F. (31 December 1952). "New York Department of Military Affairs Adjutant General Report, 1952" (PDF). New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. pp. 130, 133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
16. Hausauer, Maj Gen Karl F. (11 January 1955). "New York Department of Military Affairs Adjutant General Report, 1954" (PDF). New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. p. 113. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
17. Hausauer, Maj Gen Karl F. (11 January 1957). "New York Department of Military Affairs Adjutant General Report, 1956" (PDF). New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. p. 128. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
18. Hausauer, Maj Gen Karl F. (14 February 1958). "New York Department of Military Affairs Adjutant General Report, 1957" (PDF). New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. p. 97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
19. Ravenstein, p. 55
20. Lineage, assignment and aircraft through 1946 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 606
21. Station number in Anderson, p. 50.
22. Lineage, assignment and aircraft through 1946 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 606, except as noted.

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
• Cornett, Lloyd H; Johnson, Mildred W. (1980). A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946 - 1980 (PDF). Peterson AFB, CO: Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Newton, Wesely P., Jr.; Senning, Calvin F. (1963). "USAF Credits for the Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, World War II, USAF Historical Study No. 85" (PDF). Research Studies Institute, USAF Historical Division, Air University. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
• Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
• Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. II (VIII) Fighter Command. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-2535-9.

External links

• various New York Adjutant Generals. "New York Department of Military Affairs Adjutant General Reports, 1846–1995". New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2024. (not all years reported)