Virus polio

Virus polio
Poliovirus Edit nilai pada Wikidata

Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Penyakitpoliomielitis Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Taksonomi
KerajaanOrthornavirae
FilumPisuviricota
KelasPisoniviricetes
OrdoPicornavirales
FamiliPicornaviridae
GenusEnterovirus
SpesiesEnterovirus C
Tanpa nilaiPoliovirus Edit nilai pada Wikidata


Virus polio adalah virus yang termasuk dalam genus Enterovirus C dan famili Picornaviridae. Virus polio merupakan penyebab penyakit poliomielitis.[1]

Virus ini memiliki diameter ~30 nm, tahan pada keadaan asam (pH 3 atau lebih rendah), dan berbentuk ekosahedral.[1] Virion (partikel penyusun) virus polio terdiri dari empat protein kapsid yang berbeda, disebut VP1, VP2, VP3, dan VP4. Genom (materi genetik) dari virus polio terdiri dari RNA untai tunggal positif (+) yang berukuran 7441 nukleotida.[1]

Polio virus pertama kali diisolasikan pada tahun 1909 oleh Karl Landsteiner dan Erwin Popper. Pada tahun 1981, genom virus polio diterbitkan oleh dua tim riset berbeda — oleh Vincent Racaniello dan David Baltimore dari MIT,[2] dan oleh Naomi Kitamura dan Eckard Wimmer dari Universitas Stony Brook.[3]

Virus polio diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga golongan berdasarkan sifat antigenik dari struktur protein penyusunnya.[4] Virus ini menyebar melalui kontaminasi tinja pada makanan ataupun pasokan air.[4] Untuk bereplikasi, genom virus akan masuk ke dalam sel inang melalui endositosis sementara partikel virus lainnya dibuang.[4] Reseptor untuk pengikatan virus ini terletak pada epitelium usus manusia.[4] Apabila virus ini telah berhasil menginfeksi usus maka dapat terjadi kerusakan jaringan dan mengakibatkan diare.[4]

Siklus Replikasi

Virus polio masuk sel manusia melalui ikatan dengan reseptor mirip imunoglobulin, CD155 (juga dikenal sepagai reseptor virus polio atau PVR) di permukaan sel.[5][6] Interaksi antara virus polio dengan CD155 membuat perubahan konformasi partikel virus yang tidak bisa dibalik. Perubahan konformasi ini diperlukan supaya virus bisa memasuki sel.

Terlampir dengan sel membran milik inang, pemasukan virus asam nukleat dianggap terjadi melalui satu dari dua cara — melalui pembuatan pori di membran plasma, dimana RNA memasuki sitoplasma atau virus itu diserap melalui endositosis yang dibantu oleh reseptor.

Bukti eksperimental terbaru mendukung hipotesis bahwa virus polio yang berikatan dengan CD155 diserap melalui endositosis. Setelah partikel virus masuk, RNA virus dilepaskan.

Karena virus polio adalah virus RNA untai tunggal positif, genom yang dilepaskan bisa langsung dipakai sebagai RNA duta yang selanjutnya ditranslasikan. Saat masuk, virus membajak mesin penerjemahan gen, menghambat sintesis protein sel supaya produksi protein virus ditingkatkan. Tidak seperti mRNA sel inang, ujung 5' dari RNA polio virus itu sangat panjang — sekitar 700 nukleotida. Bagian genom virus ini dikenal sebagai situs masuk ribosom internal (IRES) yang mengarahkan terjemahan virus RNA. Mutasi genetik di bagian ini bisa mencegah produksi protein virus. IRES pertama kali ditemukan di virus polio RNA.

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b c (Inggris) Teri Shors (2008). Understanding viruses. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-2932-5. Page.286
  2. ^ Racaniello, V R; Baltimore, D (1981-8). "Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (8): 4887–4891. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 6272282. 
  3. ^ Wimmer, Eckard; Anderson, Carl W.; Werf, Sylvie van der; Lee, James J.; Hanecak, Ronnie; Emilio A. Emini; Dorner, Andrew J.; Adler, Cheryl J.; Larsen, Glenn R. (1981-06). "Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 291 (5816): 547–553. doi:10.1038/291547a0. ISSN 1476-4687. 
  4. ^ a b c d e (Inggris) www.blackwellpublishing.com (2003). "Replication Patterns of Specific Viruses" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 13 Juni 2010. 
  5. ^ Rossmann, Michael G.; Kuhn, Richard J.; Wimmer, Eckard; Mukhopadhyay, Suchetana; Bowman, Valorie D.; Peng, Xiaozhong; Bator, Carol M.; Chipman, Paul R.; Mueller, Steffen (2003-04-15). "Complexes of Poliovirus Serotypes with Their Common Cellular Receptor, CD155". Journal of Virology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 77 (8): 4827–4835. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.8.4827-4835.2003. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 12663789. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2019-04-19. 
  6. ^ Racaniello, Vincent R.; Wimmer, Eckard; Mendelsohn, Cathy L. (1989-03-10). "Cellular receptor for poliovirus: Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily". Cell (dalam bahasa English). 56 (5): 855–865. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 2538245. 

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