Sol Invictus

Koin Kaisar Probus, ca 280, menggambarkan Sol Invictus mengendarai quadriga, dengan tulisan SOLI INVICTO, "bagi Matahari yang Tak Terkalahkan": Kaisar (kiri) mengenakan mahkota surya, dikenakan juga oleh dewa di sisi depan koin (kanan).
Sol Invictus
Dewa Matahari
Mosaik Sol dalam Mausoleum M. di Vatican Necropolis[1]
Nama lainElagabalus
Pusat pemujaanKuil Matahari
PlanetMatahari
SimbolSinar Matahari, matahari, Mahkota Surya
Jenis kelaminLaki-laki
FestivalFestival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
Padanan
PalmyranShams

Sol Invictus ("Matahari yang Tak Terkalahkan") adalah dewa matahari resmi pada masa Kekaisaran Romawi akhir. Pada tahun 274, Kaisar Romawi Aurelianus menjadikannya kultus resmi di antara kultus tradisional Romawi yang lain. Para akademisi berbeda pendapat mengenai apakah dewa baru ini merupakan pembentukan ulang Sol dari kultus kuno Latini,[2] kebangkitan kembali kultus Elagabalus,[3] atau memang benar-benar baru.[4] Dewa ini digemari oleh kaisar-kaisar setelah Aurelianus dan ditampilkan dalam koin-koin mereka sampai masa Konstantinus I.[5] Inskripsi terakhir mengenai Sol Invictus bertarikh 387 M,[6] dan terdapat cukup banyak pemujanya pada abad ke-5 sehingga Agustinus merasa perlu menyampaikan khotbah untuk menentang mereka.[7]

Tradisi yang menyebutkan bahwa tanggal 25 Desember yang berdekatan dengan titik balik matahari dipilih sebagai perayaan Natal karena merupakan tanggal festival Romawi Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Ulang Tahun Matahari yang Tak Terkalahkan), menurut karya tulis dari abad ke-12,[8] saat ini ditentang oleh sejumlah akademisi dari Gereja Inggris.[9] Penjelasan berbeda mengenai kesamaan tanggal itu dianggap sebagai "hipotesis layak yang mendalam secara akademis" oleh beberapa kalangan.[10] Kedua teori tersebut memiliki pendukung, beberapa kalangan mengklaim bahwa festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti merupakan sinkretisasi di kemudian hari dengan perayaan Natal[11][12][13] dan kalangan lainnya berpendapat bahwa perayaan Kristen itu telah ada sebelum festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti.[14][15]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ "Necropolis (Scavi) Tomb M". saintpetersbasilica.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-24. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-25. 
  2. ^ S.E.Hijmans, "The sun that did not rise in the east", Babesch 71 (1996) hlm.115-150
  3. ^ Gaston Halsberghe, "The cult of Sol Invictus", Leiden: Brill, 1972
  4. ^ As Hijmans states (hlm.115): "Scholars have consistently postulated a clear distinction between the Republican Sol Indiges and the Imperial Sol Invictus." dan hlm.116 "We should keep in mind, however, that most scholars agree that this cult[Sol Indiges] was never important, and that it had disappeared altogether by the beginning of the second century AD"
  5. ^ Halsberghe, "The cult of Sol Invictus", hlm.155: "Up to the conversion of Constantine the Great, the cult of Deus Sol Invictus received the full support of the emperors. The many coins showing the sun god that these emperors struck provide official evidence of this." and p.169 "the custom of representing Deus Sol Invictus on coins came to an end in AD 323."
  6. ^ Halsberghe, "The cult of Sol Invictus", hlm.170 n.3: "CIL VI, 1778, dates from AD 387."
  7. ^ Halsberghe, hlm.170, n.4: "Augustine, Sermones, XII; juga dalam Ennaratio in Psalmum XXV; Ennaratio II, 3."
  8. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama MacMullen1997
  9. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama CofE
  10. ^ Susan K. Roll, Toward the Origin of Christmas (Peeters Publications 1995 ISBN 978-90-3900531-6), p. 88
  11. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama anderson2008
  12. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Flesh
  13. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama catholic_encyclopedia1908
  14. ^ Steven Hijmans, "Sol Invictus, the Winter Solstice, and the Origins of Christmas" in Mouseion, Number 47/3 (2003), pp. 384–385
  15. ^ Karen B. Westerfield Tucker, "Christmas" in Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason, Hugh Pyper (editors), The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought (Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-19860024-4), p. 124

Referensi

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