Sansei

Cucu para imigran Jepang-Brasil (Nipo-brasileiros) akan disebut Sansei.

Sansei (三世, "Generasi ketiga") adalah sebuah istilah Jepang dan Inggris Amerika Utara^[1] yang dipakai di sebagian belahan dunia seperti Amerika Selatan dan Amerika Utara untuk menyebut anak dari anak yang lahir dari etnis Jepang di sebuah negara kediaman yang baru. Nisei dianggap merupakan generasi kedua, cucu dari imigran kelahiran Jepang yang disebut Sansei dan generasi keempat yonsei.^[2] Anak dari setidaknya satu orang tua nisei disebut Sansei. Sansei biasanya adalah generasi pertama dimana sebagian besar orangnya adalah ras belasteran, karena orang tua mereka biasanya lahir dan dibesarkan di Amerika sendiri.^[3]

Karakter dan keunikan sansei diakui dalam sejarah sosialnya.^[4]

Catatan

1. "Definition of SANSEI". www.merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 21 April 2018. 
2. Dalam penghitangan Jepang, "satu, dua, tiga, empat" adalah "ichi, ni, san, yon"—lihat penomoran Jepang
3. Nomura, Gail M. (1998). "Japanese American Women," in The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History (Mankiller, Barbara Smith, ed.), pp. 288-290., hlm. 288, pada Google Books
4. Numrich, Paul David. (2008). North American Buddhists in Social Context, p. 110.

Referensi

• Harth, Erica. (2003). Last Witnesses: Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japanese Americans. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 9780312221997; OCLC 46364694
• Hosokowa, Fumiko. (1978). The Sansei: Social Interaction and Ethnic Identification Among the Third Generation Japanese. San Francisco: R & E Research Associates. ISBN 9780882474908; OCLC 4057372
• Itoh, Keiko. (2001). The Japanese Community in Pre-War Britain: From Integration to Disintegration. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 9780700714872; OCLC 48937604
• Leslie, Gerald R. and Sheila K. Korman. (1967). The Family in Social Context. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 530549
• Makabe, Tomoko. (1998). The Canadian Sansei. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802041791; ISBN 9780802080387; OCLC 39523777
• McLellan, Janet. (1999). Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802044211; ISBN 9780802082251; OCLC 43521129
• Nomura, Gail M. (1998). "Japanese American Women," in The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History (Mankiller, Barbara Smith, ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780618001828; OCLC 43338598
• Sowell, Thomas. (1981). Ethnic America: A History. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465020744; OCLC 7306301
• Takahashi, Jere. (1997). Nisei Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 9781566395502; OCLC 37180842
• Tamura, Eileen and Roger Daniels. (1994). Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity: The Nisei Generation in Hawaii. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252020315; ISBN 9780252063589; OCLC 27383373
• Zweigenhaft, Richard L. and G. William Domhoff. (2006). Diversity in the Power Elite: How it Happened, Why it Matters. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742536982; ISBN 9780742536999; OCLC 62281556

Further reading

• Gehrie, Mark Joshua. (1973). Sansei: An Ethnography of Experience (Ph.D. thesis, Anthropology). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University. OCLC 71849646
• Kaihara, Rodney and Patricia Morgan. (1973). Sansei Experience. San Fullerton, Calif.: Oral History Program, California State University, Fullerton. OCLC 23352676
• Oana, Leilani Kyoko. (1984). Ethnocultural Identification in Sansei (Third Generation Japanese American) Females: An Evaluation of Alternative Measures (M.A. thesis). Washington, D.C.: George Washington University. OCLC 12726534
• Okamura, Randall F. (1978). The Contemporary Sansei (M.A. thesis, Community Development and Public Service). San Francisco: Lone Mountain College. OCLC 13182634
• Tanaka, Shaun Naomi. (2003). Ethnic Identity in the Absence of Propinquity Sansei and the Transformation of the Japanese-Canadian Community (M.A. thesis). Kingston, Ontario: Queen's University Press. OCLC 60673221

Pranala luar

• Japanese American National Museum; JANM generational teas Diarsipkan 2010-12-24 di Wayback Machine.
• Embassy of Japan Diarsipkan 2019-02-16 di Wayback Machine. in Washington, DC
• Japanese American Citizens League
• Japanese Cultural & Community Center of Northern California
• Japanese American Community and Cultural Center of Southern California
• Japanese American Historical Society
• Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
• Japanese American Museum of San Jose, California
• Japanese American Network
• Japanese-American's own companies in USA
• Japanese American Relocation Digital Archives Diarsipkan 2002-11-25 di Wayback Machine.
• Online Archive of the Japanese American Relocation during World War II
• Photo Exhibit of Japanese American community in Florida
• Nikkei Federation Diarsipkan 2011-05-12 di Wayback Machine.
• Discover Nikkei
• Summary of a panel discussion on changing Japanese American identities
• The War: Fighting for Democracy: Japanese Americans Diarsipkan 2010-03-10 di Wayback Machine.
• “The War Relocation Centers of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger than Justice”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• U.S. Government interned Japanese from Latin America