Lehi (kelompok)

Para Pejuang untuk Kebebasan Israel – Lehi
לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראל
Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi
PemimpinAvraham Stern
Nathan Yellin-Mor
Yitzhak Shamir
Israel Eldad
DibentukAgustus 1940
Dibubarkan1948
Dipisah dariIrgun
Diteruskan olehFighters' List
Kingdom of Israel (kelompok)
Semitic Action
IdeologiZionisme Revisionis
Sternisme[1]
Fasisme (sampai 1942)[2][3][4][5]
Bolshevisme Nasional (setelah 1944)[6]
Anti-imperialism (setelah 1945)[7]
Posisi politikSinkretik[8]
WarnaBiru
Bendera

Lehi (pengucapan Ibrani: [ˈleχi]; bahasa Ibrani: לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראלLohamei Herut Israel – Lehi, "Para Pejuang untuk Kebebasan Israel – Lehi"), dalam bahasa Inggris sering disebut sebagai Stern Gang (kelompok Stern),[9][10][11][12] adalah suatu kelompok militan Zionis yang didirikan oleh Avraham ("Yair") Stern di wilayah Mandat Britania atas Palestina.[13][14] Tujuan pendiriannya ialah untuk mengusir pemerintah Inggris dari Palestina dengan cara kekerasan, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya imigrasi tanpa batas bagi orang-orang Yahudi dan pembentukan sebuah negara Yahudi, suatu 'republik Ibrani baru yang totaliter'.[15] Pada saat didirikannya pada bulan Agustus 1940, awalnya kelompok ini dinamakan Organisasi Militer Nasional di Israel,[1] namun kemudian diganti menjadi Lehi satu bulan kemudian.[16]

Lehi memisahkan diri dari kelompok militan Irgun pada tahun 1940, agar dapat terus melawan Inggris selama Perang Dunia II. Lehi awalnya ingin beraliansi dengan Fasis Italia dan Nazi Jerman, dengan cara menawarkan diri untuk berjuang bersama mereka melawan Inggris, di mana imbalannya adalah ditransfernya semua orang Yahudi dari wilayah Eropa yang diduduki Nazi ke Palestina.[2] Dengan keyakinan bahwa Nazi Jerman adalah musuh orang-orang Yahudi yang lebih tak berbahaya daripada Inggris, Lehi dua kali berusaha membentuk aliansi dengan Nazi.[2] Selama Perang Dunia II, Lehi mendeklarasikan bahwa mereka akan mendirikan sebuah negara Yahudi yang berdasarkan "prinsip-prinsip nasionalis dan totaliter".[2][17] Setelah kematian Stern pada tahun 1942, kepemimpinan baru Lehi mulai bergerak untuk mencari dukungan dari Uni Soviet, yang berada di bawah pimpinan Joseph Stalin.[1] Pada tahun 1944, Lehi secara resmi menyatakan dukungannya terhadap Bolshevisme Nasional.[6] Dinyatakan bahwa Bolshevisme Nasional melibatkan penggabungan antara elemen-elemen politik sayap kiri dan sayap kanan - dan Stern mengatakan bahwa Lehi menggabungkan baik unsur-unsur dari kiri maupun dari kanan[2] - namun, perubahan ini tidaklah populer dan akibatnya Lehi pun mulai kehilangan dukungan.[18]

Lehi dan Irgun secara sama-sama bertanggung jawab atas pembantaian di Deir Yassin. Lehi membunuh Lord Moyne, Residen Menteri Britania di Timur Tengah, dan melakukan banyak serangan lainnya terhadap Inggris di Palestina.[19] Pada tanggal 29 Mei 1948, pemerintah Israel secara resmi membubarkan Lehi setelah memasukkan para anggota aktivisnya ke dalam Tzahal; meskipun demikian ada beberapa anggota yang masih melakukan satu aksi terorisme lagi, yaitu pembunuhan Folke Bernadotte beberapa bulan kemudian.[20] Tindakan tersebut dikutuk oleh Ralph Bunche, yang menjadi mediator pengganti Bernadotte.[21] Israel memberikan amnesti umum untuk anggota Lehi pada tanggal 14 Februari 1949. Pada tahun 1980, Israel menciptakan suatu penghargaan militer: "Penghargaan atas kegiatan dalam perjuangan untuk pembentukan Israel," yaitu Pita Lehi.[22] Mantan pemimpin Lehi, Yitzhak Shamir, kemudian menjadi Perdana Menteri Israel pada tahun 1983.

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c Laqueur, Walter (2003) [1972]. "Jabotinsky and Revisionism". A History of Zionism (Google Book Search) (edisi ke-3rd). London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. hlm. 377. ISBN 978-1-86064-932-5. OCLC 249640859. Diakses tanggal 18 November 2008. 
  2. ^ a b c d e Sasson Sofer. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. 253-254.
  3. ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 108.
  4. ^ Heller, 1995, p. 86.
  5. ^ David Yisraeli, The Palestine Problem in German Politics, 1889–1945, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel, 1974.
  6. ^ a b Robert S. Wistrich, David Ohana. The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory, and Trauma, Issue 3. London, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1995. Pp. 88.
  7. ^ Shapira, Anita (1999). Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948. Stanford University Press. hlm. 347. ISBN 0804737762. 
  8. ^ Sasson Sofer. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. 254. "Lehi's leader Stern stated that he incorporated elements of both the left and the right."
  9. ^ "This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemies as the Stern Gang." Blumberg, Arnold. History of Israel, Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1998. p 106.
  10. ^ "calling themselves Lohamei Herut Yisrael (LHI) or, less generously, the Stern Gang." Lozowick, Yaacov. Right to Exist: A Moral Defense of Israel's Wars. Westminster, MD, USA: Doubleday Publishing, 2003. p 78.
  11. ^ "It ended in a split with Stern leading his own group out of the Irgun. This was known pejoratively by the British as "the Stern Gang' – later as Lehi" Shindler, Colin. Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2005. p 218.
  12. ^ "Known by their Hebrew acronym as LEHI they were more familiar, not to say notorious, to the rest of the world as the Stern Gang – a ferociously effective and murderous terrorist group fighting to end British rule in Palestine and establish a Jewish state." Cesarani, David. Major Faran's Hat: Murder, Scandal and Britain's War Against Jewish Terrorism, 1945–1948. London. Vintage Books. 2010. p 01.
  13. ^ "ELIAHU AMIKAM Stern Gang Leader". The Washington Post. 16 August 1995. hlm. D5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (Free Preview; full article requires payment.) tanggal 2012-10-17. Diakses tanggal 18 November 2008. The [AMIKAM] Stern Gang – known in Hebrew as Lehi, an acronym for Israel Freedom Fighters – was the most militant of the pre-state underground groups. 
  14. ^ "Definition of Stern Gang in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 30 November 2013. 
  15. ^ Colin Shindler, 'Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right,' I.B.Tauris, 2009 p.218:'Stern devotedly believed that 'the enemy of my enemy is my friend' so he approached Nazi Germany. With German armies at the gates of Palestine, he offered co-operation and an alliance with a new totalitarian Hebrew republic.'
  16. ^ Nachman Ben-Yehuda. The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1995. Pp. 322.
  17. ^ Leslie Stein, 'The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel,' Greenwood Publishing Group 2003 pp.237-238.
  18. ^ Joseph Heller. The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics, and Terror, 1940–1949. Pp. 8.
  19. ^ Ami Pedahzur, The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence: Defending Democracy, Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York 2002 p.77
  20. ^ Gabriel Ben-Dor and Ami Pedahzur,'Jewish Self-Defence and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions,' in Ami Pedahzur, Leonard Weinberg (eds.), Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism,, Frank Cass, 2004 pp. 94–120, pp. 115–116:'one final terrorist act. . .'
  21. ^ Ralph Bunche report on assassination of UN mediator Diarsipkan 2008-05-07 di Wayback Machine. 27 September 1948, "notorious terrorists long known as the Stern group"
  22. ^ [The Stern Gang] LEHI – Fighters for the Freedom of Israel Ribbon on the Israeli Ministry of Defence website

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