Koalisi sukarela

Istilah koalisi sukarela (bahasa Inggris: coalition of the willing) umumnya mengacu pada Multi-National Force – Iraq yang dipimpin Amerika Serikat. Presiden Bill Clinton pernah melontarkan istilah ini pada Juni 1994 terkait peluang operasi militer ke Korea Utara, ketika negara tersebut terlibat permasalahan senjata nuklir.[1]

Istilah ini juga digunakan untuk menyebut operasi INTERFET pimpinan Australia di Timor Leste.

Irak

"Koalisi sukarela" menurut Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat tahun 2003.

Pada November 2002, dalam rangka KTT NATO di Eropa, Presiden Amerika Serikat George W. Bush menyatakan bahwa "apabila Presiden Irak Saddam Hussein tidak mau meletakkan senjata, Amerika Serikat akan memimpin koalisi sukarela untuk melucutinya."[2]

Pemerintahan Bush menggunakan istilah ini untuk menyebut negara-negara yang mendukung invasi Irak 2003 secara militer maupun politik dan penerjunan militer di Irak pasca-invasi. Daftar pertama yang dirilis bulan Maret 2003 mencakup 46 negara.[3] Pada April 2003, daftar ini diperbarui hingga 49 negara, lalu dikurangi menjadi 48 setelah Costa Rica mengajukan keberatan.[4] Dari 48 negara tersebut, tiga di antaranya menerjunkan tentara dalam rangka invasi (Britania Raya, Australia, dan Polandia), sedangkan 37 sisanya menerjunkan tentara dalam rangka mendukung operasi militer usai invasi.

Daftar anggota koalisi yang dirilis Gedung Putih meliputi beberapa negara yang tidak ingin berpartisipasi dalam operasi militer. Beberapa di antaranya, seperti Kepulauan Marshall, Mikronesia, Palau, dan Kepulauan Solomon, tidak punya militer. Namun demikian, melalui Compact of Free Association, warga negara Kepulauan Marshall, Palau, dan Federasi Mikronesia mendapat status kewarganegaraan Amerika Serikat sehingga boleh bergabung dengan militer A.S. Negara-negara kepulauan ini telah menerjunkan pasukan Pasifik gabungan yang mencakup satuan cadangan Guam, Hawaii, dan Samoa. Mereka telah diterjunkan dua kali ke Irak. Pemerintah Kepulauan Solomon mengaku tidak tahu dan membantah bahwa negaranya disertakan dalam koalisi sukarela.[5]

Bulan Desember 2008, Profesor Scott Althaus dari Universitas Illinois melaporkan bahwa Gedung Putih menyunting dan memajukan tanggal revisi daftar negara dalam koalisi sukarela.[6][7] Althaus menemukan bahwa beberapa versi daftar tersebut dihapus dari arsip dan versi lainnya saling berseberangan. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan prosedur pengarsipan dokumen asli dan pemutakhirannya.[3]

Per Agustus 2009, semua anggota koalisi non-A.S./Britania telah ditarik dari Irak.[8] Multinational Force – Iraq berganti nama menjadi United States Forces – Iraq pada 1 Januari 2010. Koalisi sukarela secara resmi berakhir pada tanggal tersebut.

Referensi

  1. ^ Ibiblio.org (originally official White House release), Interview with the President by Sam Donaldson ABC, June 5, 1994.
  2. ^ "Bush: Join 'coalition of willing'". CNN. 2002-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-30. 
  3. ^ a b Althaus, Scott; Leetaru, Kalev (November 25, 2008). "Airbrushing History, American Style". University of Illinois Cline Center for Democracy. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2015. 
  4. ^ "Costa Rica Asks to Be Taken Off U.S. List of Iraq Coalition Partners". Los Angeles Times. 10 September 2004. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2017. 
  5. ^ Perrott, A.: "Coalition of the Willing? Not us, say Solomon islanders". The New Zealand Herald, March 27, 2003..
  6. ^ Kelly Gibbs (2008-12-05). "White House documents found to be altered". Daily Illini. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-05. 
  7. ^ Byrne, John (December 5, 2008). "White House altered, deleted press releases on 'coalition of the willing'". The Raw Story. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2013. 
  8. ^ "United States Department of Defense" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-09-02. 

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