Kaidah Bergmann

Data yang menunjukkan aplikasi kaidah Bergmann dalam spesies rusa besar Swedia (Alces alces).[1]

Kaidah Bergmann adalah kaidah ekogeografis yang menyatakan bahwa di dalam klad yang tersebar secara luas, populasi dan spesies yang lebih besar cenderung berada di lingkungan yang lebih dingin, sementara spesies yang lebih kecil berada di wilayah yang hangat. Walaupun awalnya dirumuskan dalam konteks spesies di dalam suatu genus, kaidah ini sering kali diubah konteksnya menjadi populasi di dalam spesies. Kaidah ini juga sering didefinisikan dalam konteks garis lintang. Terdapat kemungkinan bahwa kaidah ini juga berlaku untuk beberapa tumbuhan, seperti Rapicactus.

Kaidah ini dinamai dari ahli biologi Jerman dari abad ke-19, Carl Bergmann, yang mendeskripsikan pola ini pada tahun 1847, walaupun ia bukan orang pertama yang menyadarinya. Kaidah Bergmann sering kali diaplikasikan pada mamalia dan burung yang merupakan hewan endoterm, tetapi beberapa peneliti juga menemukan bukti bahwa kaidah ini juga berlaku pada spesies ektoterm,[2][3] seperti semut Leptothorax acervorum. Walaupun kaidah Bergmann tampaknya berlaku untuk banyak mamalia dan burung, terdapat beberapa pengecualian.[4][5][6]

Hewan yang bertubuh besar cenderung lebih "patuh" kepada kaidah Bergmann daripada hewan yang kecil, paling tidak hingga garis lintang tertentu. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh berkurangnya kemampuan untuk menghindari lingkungan yang penuh dengan tekanan (seperti dengan menggali lubang dan bersembunyi).[7] Selain menjadi pola yang umum, kaidah Bergmann juga dilaporkan telah ditemui dalam populasi yang terpapar dengan berbagai macam suhu dalam sejarah evolusi.[8][9][10] Pengecilan tubuh hewan terjadi khususnya pada periode panas maksimal Paleosen-Eosen[11] dan Panas Maksimal Eosen 2.[12]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Sand, Håkan K.; Cederlund, Göran R.; Danell, Kjell (June 1995). "Geographical and latitudinal variation in growth patterns and adult body size of Swedish moose (Alces alces)". Oecologia. 102 (4): 433–442. Bibcode:1995Oecol.102..433S. doi:10.1007/BF00341355. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). 
  2. ^ Olalla-Tárraga, Miguel Á.; Rodríguez, Miguel Á.; Hawkins, Bradford A. (2006). "Broad-scale patterns of body size in squamate reptiles of Europe and North America". Journal of Biogeography. 33 (5): 781–793. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01435.x. 
  3. ^ Timofeev, S. F. (2001). "Bergmann's Principle and Deep-Water Gigantism in Marine Crustaceans". Biology Bulletin (Russian version, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya). 28 (6): 646–650 (Russian version, 764–768). doi:10.1023/A:1012336823275. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  4. ^ Meiri, S.; Dayan, T. (2003-03-20). "On the validity of Bergmann's rule". Journal of Biogeography. 30 (3): 331–351. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). 
  5. ^ Ashton, Kyle G.; Tracy, Mark C.; Queiroz, Alan de (October 2000). "Is Bergmann's Rule Valid for Mammals?". The American Naturalist. 156 (4): 390–415. doi:10.1086/303400. JSTOR 10.1086/303400. 
  6. ^ Millien, Virginie; Lyons, S. Kathleen; Olson, Link; et al. (May 23, 2006). "Ecotypic variation in the context of global climate change: Revisiting the rules". Ecology Letters. 9 (7): 853–869. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00928.x. 
  7. ^ Freckleton, Robert P.; Harvey, Paul H.; Pagel, Mark (2003). "Bergmann's rule and body size in mammals". The American Naturalist. 161 (5): 821–825. doi:10.1086/374346. JSTOR 10.1086/374346. PMID 12858287. 
  8. ^ Smith, Felia A.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Brown, James H. (December 22, 1995). "Evolution of Body Size in the Woodrat over the Past 25,000 Years of Climate Change". Science. 270 (5244): 2012–2014. Bibcode:1995Sci...270.2012S. doi:10.1126/science.270.5244.2012. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). 
  9. ^ Huey, Raymond B.; Gilchrist, George W.; Carlson, Margen L.; Berrigan, David; Serra, Luı́s (January 14, 2000). "Rapid Evolution of a Geographic Cline in Size in an Introduced Fly". Science. 287 (5451): 308–309. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..308H. doi:10.1126/science.287.5451.308. PMID 10634786. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). 
  10. ^ Hunt, Gene; Roy, Kaustuv (January 31, 2006). "Climate change, body size evolution, and Cope's rule in deep-sea ostracodes" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (5): 1347–1352. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1347H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510550103. PMC 1360587alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 16432187. 
  11. ^ Secord, Ross; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; et al. (February 24, 2012). "Evolution of the Earliest Horses Driven by Climate Change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum". Science. 335 (6071): 959–962. Bibcode:2012Sci...335..959S. doi:10.1126/science.1213859. PMID 22363006. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). 
  12. ^ Erickson, Jim (November 1, 2013). "Global warming led to dwarfism in mammals—twice". University of Michigan. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-12. 

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