James Challis

James Challis
Lahir(1803-12-12)12 Desember 1803
Braintree, Essex
Meninggal3 Desember 1882(1882-12-03) (umur 78)
Cambridge
KebangsaanInggris
Dikenal atasNeptunus
Karier ilmiah
Bidangastronomi
InstitusiObservatorium Cambridge

James Challis FRS (12 Desember 1803 – 3 December 1882) adalah seorang biarawan, fisikawan dan astronom Inggris. Profesor Plumian dan direktur Observatorium Cambridge, ia menginvestigsi sebuah garis besar dari fenomena fisika yang membuat beberapa kontribusi di luar astronomi. Ia paling dikenal karena keikutsertaannya dalam penemuan planet Neptunus pada 1846.

Kehidupan awal

Challis lahir di Braintree, Essex di mana ayahnya, John Challis, menjadi seorang tukang batu. Setelah masuk berbagai sekolah lokal, ia lulus dari Trinity College, Cambridge pada 1825 sebagai Senior Wrangler dan penerima penghargaan Smith pertama.[1]

Profesor Plumian

Pada tahun 1836, ia menjadi direktur Observatorium Cambridge dan Profesor Plumian, memegang jabatan terakhir sampai kematiannya. Dia mengajar di semua bidang fisika. Sebagai penguji hadiah Smith, dia menilai karya awal G. G. Stokes, Arthur Cayley, John Couch Adams, William Thomson (kemudian Lord Kelvin), Peter Guthrie Tait dan James Clerk Maxwell. Selama lebih dari satu dekade, dalam korespondensi dan publikasi, Challis berulang kali tidak setuju dengan kesimpulan Stokes dari penelitiannya.[2]

Challis menjadi wasit untuk Thomson dan untuk Stokes dalam lamaran mereka masing-masing untuk kursi di Universitas Glasgow, dan untuk Maxwell di Aberdeen. Dia dan Thomson bersama-sama menetapkan dan memeriksa topik hadiah Adams tentang cincin Saturnus, yang dimenangkan oleh Maxwell pada tahun 1857.

Observatorium Cambridge

Challis menggantikan George Biddell Airy di observatorium dan secara bertahap meningkatkan instrumentasi dan akurasi pengamatan. Dia membuat beberapa pengamatan awal patahan komet 3D/Biela menjadi dua bagian pada tanggal 15 Januari 1846 dan mengamati kembali kedua fragmen tersebut pada tahun 1852. Dia menerbitkan lebih dari 60 makalah ilmiah yang merekam pengamatan komet dan asteroid lainnya. Dia menemukan meteoroskop (1848) dan peredam transit (1849). Challis menerbitkan dua belas jilid Astronomical Observations Made at the Observatory of Cambridge.[3]

Dia dan istrinya tinggal di observatorium sebagai tuan rumah yang ramah selama 25 tahun, meskipun Challis pernah meninggalkan istrinya untuk menjaga penyusup saat dia meminta bantuan. Challis akhirnya mengundurkan diri dari jabatan observatorium karena tekanan kronis yang disebabkan oleh ketidakmampuannya untuk mengikuti pemrosesan pengamatan astronomi baru. Pendahulunya Airy mengambil sikap yang lebih santai. Dia digantikan oleh Adams meskipun dia mempertahankan jabatan profesor sampai kematiannya.[3]

Pencarian planet kedelapan

Referensi

  1. ^ "James Challis (CHLS821J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. 
  2. ^ "Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, first baronet (1819–1903)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2018-02-06. 
  3. ^ a b Clerke, Charles (1741–1779). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2017-11-28. 

Daftar pustaka

Karya Challis

Obituari

Tentang Challis

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