Ikatan rangkap tiga

Suatu ikatan rangkap tiga dalam kimia adalah ikatan kimia antara dua atom yang melibatkan enam elektron ikatan dalam satu ikatan kovalen. Ikatan rangkap tiga yang paling umum adalah antara dua atom karbon, dan dapat ditemui pada alkuna. Gugus fungsional lain yang mengandung ikatan rangkap tiga adalah sianida dan isosianida. Beberapa molekul diatomik seperti dinitrogen dan karbon monoksida juga berikatan rangkap tiga. Dalam struktur rangka, ikatan rangkap tiga digambarkan sebagai garis tiga paralel (≡) di antara dua atom terhubung.[1][2][3]

Ikatan rangkap tiga lebih kuat daripada ikatan tunggal maupun ikatan ganda dan oleh karenanya juga lebih pendek. Orde ikatannya adalah tiga.

asetilena, H−C≡C−H sianogen, N≡C−C≡N karbon monoksida, C≡O
Senyawa kimia dengan ikatan rangkap tiga

Ikatan

Jenis ikatan dapat dijelaskan menggunakan istilah hibridisasi orbital. Dalam kasus asetilena, masing-masing atom karbon mempunya dua orbital sp dan dua orbital p. Kedua orbital sp berada dalam posisi linear dengan sudut 180° dan menempati sumbu x (sistem koordinat kartesian). Orbital p tegak lurus dengan sumbu y dan sumbu z. Ketika atom-atom karbon saling mendekati, orbital sp tumpangsuh membentuk ikatan sigma sp-sp. Pada saat yang bersamaan orbital pz saling mendekat dan bersama-sama membentuk ikatan pi pz-pz. Pasangan orbital py juga membentuk ikatan pi py-py dengan cara yang sama. Hasilnya adalah pembentukan satu ikatan sigma dan dua ikatan pi.

Pada model ikatan pisang, ikatan rangkap tiga dapat juga terbentuk melalui tumpangsuh tiga cuping sp3 tanpa perlu membuat ikatan pi.[4]

Referensi

  1. ^ March, Jerry (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-3). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-85472-7. 
  2. ^ Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed. John McMurry
  3. ^ Pyykkö, Pekka; Riedel, Sebastian; Patzschke, Michael (2005). "Triple-Bond Covalent Radii". Chemistry - A European Journal. 11 (12): 3511–20. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299. PMID 15832398. 
  4. ^ Advanced Organic Chemistry Carey, Francis A., Sundberg, Richard J. 5th ed. 2007

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