Daftar grup simetri bola hingga

Grup titik dalam tiga dimensi

Simetri involusi
Cs, (*)
[ ] =

Simetri siklik
Cnv, (*nn)
[n] =

Simetri dihedral
Dnh, (*n22)
[n,2] =
Grup polihedral, [n,3], (*n32)

Simetri tetrahedral
Td, (*332)
[3,3] =

Simetri oktahedral
Oh, (*432)
[4,3] =

Simetri ikosahedral
Ih, (*532)
[5,3] =

Grup simetri bola hingga juga disebut grup titik dalam tiga dimensi. Ada lima kelas simetri dasar yang memiliki domain dasar segitiga: dihedral, siklik, tetrahedral, oktahedral, dan simetri ikosahedral.

Artikel ini mencantumkan grup menurut notasi Schoenflies, notasi Coxeter,[1] notasi orbifold,[2] dan urutan. John Conway menggunakan variasi dari notasi Schoenflies, berdasarkan struktur aljabar grup kuaternion, diberikan label oleh satu atau dua huruf besar, dan subskrip bilangan bulat. Urutan grup didefinisikan sebagai subskrip, kecuali urutannya digandakan untuk simbol dengan plus atau minus, "±", awalan yang menyiratkan inversi pusat.[3]

Notasi Hermann–Mauguin (notasi internasional) juga diberikan. Grup kristalografi, total 32, adalah himpunan bagian dengan urutan elemen 2, 3, 4 dan 6.[4]

Simetri involusional

Ada empat grup involusial: tidak ada simetri (C1), simetri refleksi (Cs), Simetri rotasi lipatan 2 (C2), dan simetri titik pusat (Ci).

Intl Geo
[5]
Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
Fundamental
1 1 11 C1 C1 ][
[ ]+
1
2 2 22 D1
= C2
D2
= C2
[2]+ 2
1 22 × Ci
= S2
CC2 [2+,2+] 2
2
= m
1 * Cs
= C1v
= C1h
±C1
= CD2
[ ] 2

Simetri siklik

Ada empat famili simetri siklik tak hingga, dengan n = 2 atau lebih tinggi. (n mungkin 1 sebagai kasus khusus sebagai tidak simetri)

Intl Geo
Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
fundamental
4 42 S4 CC4 [2+,4+] 4
2/m 22 2* C2h
= D1d
±C2
= ±D2
[2,2+]
[2+,2]
4
Intl Geo
Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Ord. Dom.
fundamental
2
3
4
5
6
n
2
3
4
5
6
n
22
33
44
55
66
nn
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Cn
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Cn
[2]+
[3]+
[4]+
[5]+
[6]+
[n]+
2
3
4
5
6
n
2mm
3m
4mm
5m
6mm
nm (n adalah nilai ganjil)
nmm (n adalah nilai ganda)
2
3
4
5
6
n
*22
*33
*44
*55
*66
*nn
C2v
C3v
C4v
C5v
C6v
Cnv
CD4
CD6
CD8
CD10
CD12
CD2n
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[n]
4
6
8
10
12
2n
3
8
5
12
-
62
82
10.2
12.2
2n.2




S6
S8
S10
S12
S2n
±C3
CC8
±C5
CC12
CC2n / ±Cn
[2+,6+]
[2+,8+]
[2+,10+]
[2+,12+]
[2+,2n+]
6
8
10
12
2n
3/m=6
4/m
5/m=10
6/m
n/m
32
42
52
62
n2
3*
4*
5*
6*
n*
C3h
C4h
C5h
C6h
Cnh
CC6
±C4
CC10
±C6
±Cn / CC2n
[2,3+]
[2,4+]
[2,5+]
[2,6+]
[2,n+]
6
8
10
12
2n

Simetri dihedral

Ada tiga famili simetri dihedral tak hingga, dengan n = 2 atau tinggi (n mungkin 1 sebagai kasus khusus).

Intl Geo
Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
fundamental
222 2.2 222 D2 D4 [2,2]+ 4
42m 42 2*2 D2d DD8 [2+,4] 8
mmm 22 *222 D2h ±D4 [2,2] 8
Intl Geo
Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
fundamental
32
422
52
622
3.2
4.2
5.2
6.2
n.2
223
224
225
226
22n
D3
D4
D5
D6
Dn
D6
D8
D10
D12
D2n
[2,3]+
[2,4]+
[2,5]+
[2,6]+
[2,n]+
6
8
10
12
2n
3m
82m
5m
12.2m
62
82
10.2
12.2
n2
2*3
2*4
2*5
2*6
2*n
D3d
D4d
D5d
D6d
Dnd
±D6
DD16
±D10
DD24
DD4n / ±D2n
[2+,6]
[2+,8]
[2+,10]
[2+,12]
[2+,2n]
12
16
20
24
4n
6m2
4/mmm
10m2
6/mmm
32
42
52
62
n2
*223
*224
*225
*226
*22n
D3h
D4h
D5h
D6h
Dnh
DD12
±D8
DD20
±D12
±D2n / DD4n
[2,3]
[2,4]
[2,5]
[2,6]
[2,n]
12
16
20
24
4n

Simetri polihedral

Ada tiga jenis simetri polihedral: simetri tetrahedral, simetri oktahedral, dan simetri ikosahedral, dinamai berdasarkan segitiga wajah polyhedra biasa dengan simetri ini.

Simetri tetrahedral
Intl Geo
Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
fundamental
23 3.3 332 T T [3,3]+
= [4,3+]+
12
m3 43 3*2 Th ±T [4,3+] 24
43m 33 *332 Td TO [3,3]
= [1+,4,3]
24
Simetri oktahedral
Intl Geo Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
fundamental
432 4.3 432 O O [4,3]+
= [[3,3]]+
24
m3m 43 *432 Oh ±O [4,3]
= [[3,3]]
48
Simetri ikosahedral
Intl Geo Orb. Schön. Con. Cox. Uru. Dom.
fundamental
532 5.3 532 I I [5,3]+ 60
532/m 53 *532 Ih ±I [5,3] 120

Lihat pula

Catatan

  1. ^ Johnson, 2015
  2. ^ Conway, 2008
  3. ^ Conway, 2003
  4. ^ Sands, 1993
  5. ^ The Crystallographic Space groups in Geometric algebra, D. Hestenes and J. Holt, Journal of Mathematical Physics. 48, 023514 (2007) (22 pages) PDF [1]

Referensi

  • Peter R. Cromwell, Polyhedra (1997), Appendix I
  • Sands, Donald E. (1993). "Crystal Systems and Geometry". Introduction to Crystallography. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. hlm. 165. ISBN 0-486-67839-3. 
  • On Quaternions and Octonions, 2003, John Horton Conway and Derek A. Smith ISBN 978-1-56881-134-5
  • The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5
  • Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [2]
    • (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10]
    • (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559–591]
    • (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3–45]
  • N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) ISBN 978-1-107-10340-5 Chapter 11: Finite symmetry groups, Table 11.4 Finite Groups of Isometries in 3-space

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