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顯微鏡

光學显微镜
使用小型样品的观察
知名實驗生物细胞的发现
发明者漢斯·李普希
查哈里亞斯·楊森英语Zacharias Janssen
相关事物显微镜
电子显微镜
光學顯微鏡是一種利用透鏡產生光學放大效應的顯微鏡。
現代體視顯微鏡的光學設計:
A - 物鏡 B - 伽利略望遠鏡(rotating objectives
C - 縮放控制D - 內部物鏡E - 棱鏡
F - 中繼透鏡 G - 分划板H - 接目鏡

顯微鏡泛指將微小不可見或難見物品之影像放大,而能被肉眼或其他成像儀器觀察之工具。日常用語中之顯微鏡多指光學顯微鏡,放大倍率和清析度(聚焦)為顯微鏡重要因素。

显微镜是在1590年由荷兰查哈里亞斯·楊森及其子所首创。顯微鏡的類型有許多。最常見的(和第一個被發明的)是光學顯微鏡,其他主要的顯微鏡類型包括電子顯微鏡掃描探針顯微鏡等。

发明

最早的显微镜是1611年在荷兰制造出来,发明者是亚斯·詹森,荷兰眼镜商。同时另一位荷兰科学家汉斯·利珀希也制造了顯微鏡。后来有两个人开始在科学上使用显微镜,第一个是意大利科学家伽利略。他在1611年通过显微镜观察到一种昆虫后,第一次对它的复眼进行了描述。第二个是荷兰亚麻织品商人派炊克(1635年-1703年),他自己学会了磨制透镜。他第一次描述了许多肉眼所看不见的微小植物和动物。

1953年,弗里茨·塞爾尼克因為對相襯法的證實,發明相襯顯微鏡獲得諾貝爾物理學獎

W·E·莫尔纳尔 (William Moerner)和斯特凡·W·赫尔 (Stefan Hell),獎勵其發展超分辨熒光顯微鏡 (Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy),帶领光學顯微鏡進入納米級尺度中。[1][2]

2017年,雅克·杜博歇約阿希姆·弗蘭克理查德·亨德森因研製用於溶液內生物分子的高解析度結構測定的低溫電子顯微鏡獲得諾貝爾化學獎

用途

種類

顯微鏡種類

下文并未把所有種類顯微鏡列表,只是簡介較知名的類型。其他尚有像紫外線顯微鏡、X光顯微鏡、離子顯微鏡等,僅用於較專門需要而開發的,少量生產的特種用途顯微鏡。

光學顯微鏡

光学显微镜的基本结构(二十世纪90年代):

1.目镜(又称为接目镜或眼透镜)
2.物镜转换器
3. 物镜
4.粗调旋钮
5.微调旋钮
6.载物台
7. 光源
8.光阑和聚光器
9.推进器(又称为推片器)
光学显微镜的基本结构(二十世纪初期):

1.目镜(又称为接目镜或眼透镜)
2.物镜转换器
3. 物镜
4.粗调旋钮
5.微调旋钮
6.载物台
7. 反光镜
8.光阑和聚光器

利用透鏡放大物像送到眼睛或成像儀器,分辨率大約為一微米,可以看到細胞大小的物品。一般來說顯微鏡大都是指光學顯微鏡,光學顯微鏡依設計的不同,又可分為正立顯微鏡倒立顯微鏡(又稱倒置顯微鏡)和解剖顯微鏡(又稱實體顯微鏡立體顯微鏡);又有偏光顯微鏡:又稱為岩石顯微鏡、礦物顯微鏡或金屬顯微鏡,用以觀察岩石、礦物及金屬表面,是利用光的不同性質(偏光)而做成的;相衬显微镜:觀察變形蟲、草履蟲等透明生物時,所使用的顯微鏡。它的特殊裝置可以將光透過生物體所產生的偏差,改變為明暗不同;又結合光學顯微鏡並利用雷射光作為光源,以達到特殊觀察需求的有共聚焦顯微鏡(又譯作共軛焦顯微鏡)。

電子顯微鏡

體視顯微鏡

在20世紀初的一種光學顯微鏡顯著替代被開發,利用電子而不利用光線來產生圖像。於1931年,恩斯特·鲁斯卡(Ernst Ruska)開始開發第一個電子顯微鏡- 透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)。透射電子顯微鏡的工作原理和光學顯微鏡有相同的原理,但在使用光的地方用電子代替,在使用玻璃透鏡的地方用電磁鐵代替。使用電子而不是光線允許更高的分辨率。

緊接著透射電子顯微鏡的開發,是馬克斯·諾爾英语Max Knoll在1935年開發的掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)。[3]

不使用光線而利用電子流來照射標本來觀察的顯微鏡。由於電子用肉眼看不出,因此就使電子透過觀察材料,而映在塗有螢光劑的板子上,這種方法稱為穿透式電子顯微鏡。另一種方法是以電流在觀察材料的表面移動,然後使觀察材料所放出的二次電子流映在真空管上,以這種方式觀察的稱為掃描式電子顯微鏡。穿透式電子顯微鏡可放大80萬倍,可以看出分子的形象;掃描式電子顯微鏡可用以觀察立體的表面,放大倍率約20萬倍。電子顯微鏡分為透射電子顯微鏡能量過濾透過式電子顯微鏡掃描電子顯微鏡場發射掃描電子顯微鏡掃描透射電子顯微鏡等類型。某些電子顯微鏡甚至能看到單一原子。原理:物質波理論告訴我們,電子也具有波動性質,所以可以用類似光學顯微鏡的原理,做成顯微鏡。不一樣的是,這裡將凸透鏡改成磁鐵,由於電子的波長可見光短,所以他可以比光學顯微鏡“看”到更小的東西,如:病毒

掃描探針顯微鏡

是機械式地用探針在樣本上掃描移動以探測樣本影像的顯微鏡。

掃描隧道顯微鏡

STM用來看金屬表面,它是利用量子物理穿隧效應古典物理認為,物質不能穿過位壘,但量子物理告訴我們:物質有機會穿過位壘,而他穿過位壘的機率和位壘的寬度有關。利用一通電的針狀物體,靠近金屬表面,則電場使電子附近的位能出現位壘形式,此時就有機會觀測到跑出金屬表面的電子,再利用穿過位壘的機率和位壘的寬度有關的特性,就可以推出針到金屬表面的距離,因此可"看"到金屬表面,但這個看到金屬表面其實是看到金屬表面的dangling bond也就是電子,也是因為通常金屬表面每顆原子會有一個dangling bond,所以嚴格上來講只能說是看到原子上電子來當作看到原子,嚴格上來講並不是直接"看"到原子。

原子力顯微鏡

原子力顯微鏡(Atomic Force Microscope,簡稱AFM)用來探測樣本表面與探針交互作用力,推出探針到樣本表面的距離,因此可「看」到非金屬或金屬表面。

顯微鏡展示框

顯微鏡的機械部件

参看

参考资料

  1. ^ Ritter, Karl; Rising, Malin. 2 Americans, 1 German win chemistry Nobel. AP News. October 8, 2014 [October 8, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-02). 
  2. ^ Chang, Kenneth. 2 Americans and a German Are Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry. New York Times. October 8, 2014 [October 8, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-09). 
  3. ^ Knoll, Max. Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper. Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 1935, 16: 467–475. 

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