霍金斯手榴彈

霍金斯手榴彈
霍金斯手榴彈的構造示意圖
类型反坦克手榴彈反坦克地雷
原产地英國
服役记录
服役期间1942年至1955年[1]
使用方英國、美國加拿大
参与战争/衝突第二次世界大戰
生产历史
生产日期1942年投產,停產日未知
衍生型美國M7反戰車地雷英语M7 mine[2]
基本规格
重量1.02公斤(2.2英磅)
长度150毫米(5.9英寸)
宽度75毫米(3.0英寸)

填充阿芒拿爾炸藥英语AmmonalTNT
填充量0.45公斤(0.99英磅)
引爆机制碰撞起爆

1943年12月16日,剛從義大利的敵方領地回來休整的東薩里步兵團第1營英语East Surrey Regiment戰鬥巡邏隊。照片中央的士兵手中拿著的就是霍金斯手榴彈

75號反戰車手榴彈(英語:Grenade, Hand, Anti-Tank, No. 75),又稱霍金斯手榴彈Hawkins grenade),為英軍用於第二次世界大戰的一款反戰車手榴彈敦克爾克大撤退後,英軍研發了一系列手榴彈供英國陸軍英国国民军使用,霍金斯手榴彈即為其中之一。該款手榴彈在1942年首次投入作戰,用途在設計上也比73號手榴彈英语No. 73 grenade黏性炸彈等舊型手榴彈更多。

霍金斯手榴彈外型為長方形,長、寬為150毫米(5.9英寸)和75毫米(3.0英寸),內部裝有約0.45公斤(0.99英磅)的炸藥。當有載具壓過手榴彈時,手榴彈的化學引信會釋放酸性物質觸發高靈敏性的化學物質,以此引爆手榴彈內的炸藥。多顆霍金斯手榴彈能夠擊毀戰車或打斷它們的履帶,除此之外也能當作炸藥使用。英國和美國陸軍皆有採用霍金斯手榴彈,前者持續使用到1955年,後者則以霍金斯手榴彈研發出自己的M7反戰車地雷英语M7 mine

研發過程

法國戰役結束後,英國遠征軍英语British Expeditionary Force (World War II)自1940年5月26日起到6月4日,陸續從敦克爾克的港口撤離德軍對大不列顛發動入侵的可能性大增[3]。然而英軍的狀態並不足以抵禦德軍入侵英國本土,敦克爾克大撤退後的幾周裡,英國能夠部屬的部隊僅有27個師[4]。英軍的反戰車炮大量短缺,他們之前從法國撤退時,在當地拋棄了840門反戰車炮,本土可用的反戰車炮僅剩167門;同時反戰車炮的炮彈也極度不足,甚至士兵在訓練時,都被禁止使用炮彈[4]

由於上述的問題,為了供英國陸軍和英国国民军擊退德國裝甲載具,許多新的反戰車武器陸續被研發出來[5]。其中許多都是反戰車手榴彈,且大多都能在短時間內製造出來,同時造價也十分低廉[6]。例如73號手榴彈英语No. 73 Grenade,該款手榴彈內部裝滿了TNT炸藥,尺寸則比保溫瓶小一些。或是常被稱作「黏性炸藥」的74號反坦克手榴彈,其外層塗有高黏性的物質,以沾黏在載具上[7]。霍金斯手榴彈在1942年開始投入作戰,在設計上也具有更多用途[8]

設計

霍金斯手榴彈的外型為長方形,長和寬大約為150毫米(5.9英寸)以及75毫米(3.0英寸)[9],重量約1.02公斤(2.2英磅)[8]。手榴彈使用的爆炸藥通常重約0.45公斤(0.99英磅)[9],多以阿芒拿爾炸藥英语Ammonal或是TNT製成[2]。手榴彈上方有一個蓋子,下面有一個能夠插入化學引信的地方,能夠用來引爆手榴彈[8][9]。當有載具開過手榴彈時,載具的重量會把蓋子和引信壓破,接著釋放出酸性物質到一種高靈敏的化學物質,藉此引爆手榴彈的炸藥[9]。霍金斯手榴彈能夠跟一般的反坦克手榴彈一樣,往載具的方向丟擲進行攻擊,也能夠當作反坦克地雷放置使用。[8]。配合雷管或是導爆索英语Cordtex使用,也能把霍金斯手榴彈當作炸藥來使用[2]。使用手榴彈時,軍方建議不要距離目標太遠,用來攻擊躲藏在壕溝裡的目標較為合適,而要攻擊裝甲載具時,最好攻擊引擎所在的位置,或是裝甲較薄的後側和兩側[10]

服役歷史

華萊士·斯特羅伯爾英语Wallace Strobel中尉盟軍遠征部隊最高司令部司令德懷特·艾森豪威爾談話的畫面。華萊士左小腿上則綁著一個霍金斯手榴彈

霍金斯手榴彈在1942年投入使用,於1955年自英國陸軍中退役。美國陸軍則根據霍金斯手榴彈,自行研發出M7地雷英语M7 mine[2]。有一種用法是把霍金斯手榴彈間隔2英尺(0.61米)串在一起,然後橫放在道路上來攻擊裝甲載具[11]。這種攻擊方式對戰車履帶十分有效[12],甚至手榴彈的數量足夠的話,還能夠癱瘓一輛中型戰車[13]。此外,霍金斯手榴彈還有其他用途,例如在牆上開洞[1],或是利用它體積小的優勢,能夠輕易地放置到鐵路上引爆,藉此破壞鐵軌[9]

使用方

參見

資料來源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Rottman, World War II Infantry Anti-Tank Tactics, p. 43
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Rottman, World War II Infantry Assault Tactics, p. 25
  3. ^ Mackenzie, p. 20
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Lampe, p. 3
  5. ^ Hogg, pp. 237-239
  6. ^ Mackenzie, p. 92
  7. ^ Hogg, pp. 239-240
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Bishop, p. 214
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Hogg, p. 240
  10. ^ Hogg, p. 241
  11. ^ Rottman, World War II Infantry Anti-Tank Tactics, pp. 61-62
  12. ^ Bull, p. 32
  13. ^ Lowry, p. 16

參考書目

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