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还原胺化反应

还原胺化反应,又称鲍奇还原(Borch reduction,区别于伯奇Birch还原反应),是一种简便的把转换成的方法。


机理

首先是胺与羰基加成,缩合,生成羰基的结构类似物西弗碱(Schiff Base),后者接受氢供体的氢传递生成最终产物胺。见图:

机理
机理

方法

将羰基跟胺反应生成亚胺(西弗碱),然后用硼氢化钠或者氰基硼氢化钠还原成胺。反应应在弱酸条件下进行,因为弱酸条件一方面使羰基质子化增强了亲电性促进了反应,另一方面也避免了胺过度质子化造成亲核性下降的发生。用氰代硼氢化钠比硼氢化钠要好,因为氰基的吸电诱导效应削弱了硼氢键的活性,使得氰代硼氢化钠只能选择性地还原西弗碱而不会还原醛、酮的羰基,从而避免了副反应的发生。

改进

用NaBH(OAc)3还原剂,用ClCH2CH2Cl做溶剂可以缩短反应时间并显著提高产率。

生物体内的反应

生物体内存在类似的过程,是由维生素B6吡哆醛/)和NADPH(大自然的硼氢化钠)来介导的,氨基酸经此可以和酮体(Ketone bodies)相互转换。

脱氨&胺化
脱氨&胺化

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