生产资料(英語:means of production),或稱生产手段,是生产产品(如商品或服务)的物(如土地、劳动和资本)[1],包括劳动资料和劳动对象;然而它也可以指全部用来生产产品的东西。[2]生产工具是基本的劳动资料。它也可以作为“生产和分销资料”的缩写,这个词还包括了通过分销商进行产品的物流分销和分送;或者作为“生产、分配和交换资料”的缩写,这个词进一步包括了通过消费者进行分销产品的交换。[3]
^Gould, Peter; Olsson, Gunnar (编). A Search for Common Ground. London: Pion. 1977: 215 [8 April 2023]. ISBN 9780850860931. (原始内容存档于2023-04-10). [...] Hindess and Hirst (1977, page 65) [...] define means of production as 'all the conditions necessary to the operation of a particular labour process which are combined in the units of production in which that process takes place' [...].
^Edmundson, William A. What Are "The Means of Production"?*. Journal of Political Philosophy. 2020, 28 (4): 422–423 [2023-09-02]. ISSN 1467-9760. S2CID 212948343. doi:10.1111/jopp.12211. (原始内容存档于2022-12-31) (英语). It takes the means of production to comprise anything that is or can be put to productive use... the means of production consist of anything that enables or could enable the extraction of surplus value (exploitation). Similarly, for Proudhon, goods not meant for immediate consumption, whose accumulation might introduce social inequality
^Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter. Marxian Economics: The New Palgrave. W. W. Norton & Company. April 19, 1990: 76. ISBN 978-0393958607. The conception of capital within orthodox economics. Within orthodox economics, the term ‘capital’ generally refers to the means of production. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
^Karl Kautsky. Selected Political Writings. 978-0333283844. 1983: 9. Here we encounter a further characteristic of the modern wage proletarian. He works not with the individual but with social means of production, means of production so extensive that they can be operated only by a society of workers, not by the individual worker.
^Michael Evans, Karl Marx, London, England, 1975. Part II, Chap. 2, sect. a; p. 63.
^Flower, B. O. The Arena, Volume 37. The Arena Pub. Co, originally from Princeton University. p. 9