毛馬陸目

毛馬陸目
	Polyxenus lagurus（英语：Polyxenus lagurus）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门：	多足亞門 Myriapoda
纲：	倍足綱 Diplopoda
亚纲：	毛尾馬陸亞綱 Penicillata; Latrielle, 1831
目：	毛馬陸目 Polyxenida; Verhoeff, 1934
科
	Hypogexenidae（英语：Hypogexenidae）; Lophoproctidae（英语：Lophoproctidae）; 毛馬陸科（英语：Polyxenidae）; 合馬陸科（英语：Synxenidae）;
異名
	亞目; Pselaphognatha Latzel, 1884; Schizocephala Verhoeff, 1926; 目; Ancyrotricha Cook, 1895

毛馬陸目（學名：Polyxenida）為倍足綱下的一個目，最大的特徵在於在柔軟無鈣化的外殼上佈滿了剛毛。毛馬陸目下共有4科至少167種，也是毛尾馬陸亞綱下唯一的現存目。

描述

毛馬陸與其他馬陸最大的差異在於牠們具有柔軟無鈣化的外骨骼、甲殼上佈滿了剛毛、較少的腳數量（不超過17對）、且雄性缺乏生殖肢。體型偏小，體長最長不會超過7毫米（0.28英寸）。

防禦機制

毛馬陸缺乏一般馬陸所具有的堅硬外骨骼與化學防禦機制^[1]，而是具有一套獨特的自我防衛方法：牠們身上具倒刺的綱毛十分容易脫落，能殘留在掠食性昆蟲的附肢與口器上，進而阻礙牠們的行動^[2]。

繁殖

雄性毛馬陸缺乏一般馬陸用來傳輸精子的生殖肢（英语：Gonopod），因此牠們只能透過間接的方式提供精子。雄性會丟下精包，並交由雌性拾取^[3]。

許多種的毛馬陸也能進行單性生殖，當雄性個體稀少時，雌性依然有能力在未受精的情況下產卵並孵化下一代^[4]。

分類學

毛馬陸為毛尾馬陸亞綱現存的唯一目，且為所有馬陸所屬亞綱的基群。毛尾馬陸亞綱為所有現存馬陸的姊妹群，包括五帶馬陸下綱（英语：Pentazonia）及蠕形馬陸下綱（英语：Helminthomorpha）^[6]^[7]。

2003年，毛馬陸目包含了159種有效種及亞種^[8]，但是自2010年以來，已陸續發表了至少8個新種^[5]^[9]^[10]。

毛馬陸總科 Polyxenoidea Lucas, 1840
- Hypogexenidae（英语：Hypogexenidae） Schubart, 1947
- Lophoproctidae（英语：Lophoproctidae） Silvestri, 1897
- 毛馬陸科（英语：Polyxenidae） Polyxenidae Lucas, 1840
合馬陸總科 Synxenoidea Silvestri, 1923
- 合馬陸科（英语：Synxenidae） Synxenidae Silvestri, 1923

化石紀錄

最早的毛馬陸化石發現於黎巴嫩白堊紀早期的一個琥珀之中^[11]。

部分科學家將已滅絕的節肋目與Eoarthropleurida（英语：Eoarthropleurida）併入毛尾馬陸亞綱之下，作為毛馬陸目的姊妹群^[12]^[13]。

參考文獻

^ Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.
^ Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.
^ Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-12）.
^ Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.
^ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.
^ Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-25）.
^ Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-23）.
^ Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. （原始内容存档于2014-07-20）.
^ Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.
^ Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.
^ Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.
^ Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.

外部連結

[NADIPLOCHILO_Penicllates-1] Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.

[2] Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.

[Shelley_1999-3] Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-12）.

[IZ_1987-4] Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.

[NguyenDuy-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.

[SierBond2007-6] Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.

[Shear2011-7] Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-25）.

[NguyenDuy2003-8] Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-23）.

[Short2011-9] Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. （原始内容存档于2014-07-20）.

[short_2013-10] Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.

[11] Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.

[Shear2010-12] Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.

[Kraus_2003-13] Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

毛馬陸目

描述

防禦機制

繁殖

分類學

化石紀錄

參考文獻

外部連結

Read other articles:

Ferrovia di Mittenwald

Mạch lọc nguồn

تيبولوجيا

Stanislav Grof

جراند أكواريوم الغردقة

Real Jaén

Seminole Heights

Liberecký kraj

Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)

Brannenburg

Helen Ganzarolli

BET Awards

Ľuboriečka

Chiterra sarda

Héctor Babenco

Karpagam Vanthachu

Ford Park Cemetery

Eve Meyer

Чехия

Day of Defeat