根據山脈的垂直高度和水平大小,它有可能對全球和區域氣候模式和過程產生強烈影響,包括:大氣環流偏轉、形成地形抬升、改變季風環流和引起雨影效應.高地地形對氣候的影響最明顯的一個例子是喜馬拉雅山脈,這是世界上最高的山系。它的大小的範圍能夠影響地理溫度、降水和風[1]。理論表明,青藏高原的隆起導致更強的大氣急流和季風環流,前坡降雨增加,化學風化速率加快,從而降低了大氣 CO2 濃度[2]。 它如此之大的空間幅度,除了擾亂全球規模的大氣環流之外,它還產生了區域性季風環流[2]。
岩漿是形成火山的起點。為了了解火山活動,了解形成火山的過程至關重要。岩漿是通過在熔融條件範圍內保持溫度、壓力和成分(稱為 P-T-X)而產生的。通過了解熔體的化學性質來了解熔體的壓力和溫度[9]。為了使岩漿保持熔融狀態,一個變量的變化將導致另一個變量的變化以保持平衡(即 Le Chatlier 原理)。岩漿的產生是通過多種方式完成的:1)洋殼俯衝,2)地幔柱形成熱點,3)大洋或大陸板塊的分裂。海洋地殼的俯衝通常在很深的地方產生岩漿熔體[10]。
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