核雕

杭州工艺美术博物馆所藏橄榄核雕,内容为孩子们在跳山羊。

核雕是中国民间传统美术工艺,指在青橄欖楊梅核桃核果的果核上微雕鏤刻的技術,也指用这种技术雕刻成的艺术品。

核雕是明代微雕的一大特色,果核质地坚硬,屬於立雕、浮雕。张衮《水南翰记》:“永嘉年间,以青梅雕刻脱核的花鸟,纤细可爱,以手擘之,玲珑如小盒,阖之复为梅,谓之梅篮。李太白诗曰:‘珍盘荐雕梅’,岂即梅篮欤?”。周晖在《续金陵琐事》中记载:“成化间,一乐工能刘木为舟,大可二寸,篷、桅、橹、舵咸具。二人对酌于中,壶觞饭灯满案。一人挽篷索;一人握橹,一人运舵,皆有机能动。置之水中,能随风而行,略无欹侧。一舟必需白金一两。好事者竞趋焉。”

核雕名家

明代核雕名家有王叔遠夏白眼邱山刑獻之等。魏學洢的《王叔遠核舟記》一文描寫王叔遠能在細小的核桃雕刻出一條船,船上有五人、八窗,明代夏白眼在一顆橄欖核上雕刻16個嬰兒,童身只有半粒米大,“眉目喜怒悉具。或刻子母九螭,荷花九鸶,其蟠屈飞走绰约之态,成于方寸小核”,人稱一時聖手[1][2]

《清秘藏》记载明代宣德年间有个叫夏白眼的人,能于橄榄核上刻十六娃娃,眉目喜怒悉具。

清代核桃雕艺人有丁念廷、高家俊、都渭南、张大眼、陈子和等人,屬於山东潍坊核桃雕。乾隆酷愛核雕,曾召杜士元入宮。台北國立故宮博物院今存有乾隆年間陳祖章的“赤壁夜遊橄欖核舟”,蘇東坡與客人坐艙內,舟上加上童子、舟子、舵手共計八人,祤祤如生,底刻《後赤壁賦》全文三百餘字。

中國解放初期代表人物有:钟元庆、赵林生、殷根福、须吟笙、钟年福、苏派核雕。

新一代蘇州舟山核雕領軍代表人物有:周春毅、馬志春(活佛)

发展现况

20世纪八十年代时,核雕还较为少见,但随着专业核雕经营者的出现与收藏者人数的增加,逐渐形成了核雕市场 ,以北京规模最大。加上市场规模的扩大,政府的扶持,媒体的报道,核雕业迅猛发展。但随着核雕业的发展,高档核雕原料的匮乏成为一个显著问题。

2008年,它被列入中国国家级第二批非物质文化遗产[3]

注釋

  1. ^ 高濂《遵生八笺·燕闲清赏笺》记载:“我朝宣德年间,夏白眼所刻诸物,若乌橄榄核上,雕有十六娃娃,状米半粒,眉目喜怒悉俱。又如荷花九鸶飞去作态成于方寸小核,可称一代奇绝。”
  2. ^ 張應文:《清秘藏》
  3. ^ 《文化月刊:文化产业(下旬刊)》 巧夺天工的核雕技艺

參考書目

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