月球探测器列表
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嫦娥四号 拍摄到的月表景象
由月球3号 拍摄的人类史上第一张月球背面 图像
本表列出迄今为止所有为探测月球 而发射并在月球完成飞掠、环绕、撞击或软着陆当中任何一项的月球 探测器 以及已经发射但因事故而未能完成上述目标的所有探测器。
载人绕月和登月任务以及不以探测月球为目的的飞掠或撞击任务列入前往月球的航天任务列表 。
目前已多次发射月球探测器的主要月球探测计划或工程包括:
“月球”计划 — 苏联探月计划(1959年–1976年)
徘徊者计划 — 美国月球撞击器系列(1961年–1965年)
“探测器”计划 — 苏联探月计划(1964年–1970年)
勘测者计划 — 美国月球软着陆器系列(1966年–1968年)
月球轨道器计划 — 美国月球轨道器系列(1966年–1967年)
“月球车”计划 — 苏联无人月球车系列(1970年–1973年)
嫦娥工程 — 中国月球探测器系列(2007年–)
说明
色块:
– 任务部分或完全完成
– 任务失败或已取消
– 任务正在进行中(包括任务延长)
– 计划中的任务
† 意为“暂时鉴别”(根据NASA 的分类[1] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ))。这类分类当中大多是冷战时期苏联发射的任务,其中大部分都是失败的,官方几乎或完全没有公布相关细节。所提供的信息可能是推测性的[需要更新 ] 。
日期 是指以下事件发生的时间:
达到最近距离(飞掠)
撞击月表(撞击器)
进入月轨至任务结束期间的时间,无论其发生时间是计划内的还是过早或过迟的(轨道器)
着陆月面至任务结束期间的时间,无论其发生时间是计划内的还是过早或过迟的(软着陆器)
发射时间(由于发射时或发射后不久出现故障导致从未真正到达月球的任务)
如若不符合上述的任何一种情况,则说明日期所指的事件。请注意,因为此安排的影响,任务列表并不总是按照发射时间的顺序列出。
对于主任务飞行程序中附带的飞掠(例如重力辅助等),“成功”表示该飞越的成功完成,而不一定是主要任务的成功完成。
列表
1958年–1960年
1962年–1965年
1966年–1967年
Spacecraft
Organization
Date
Type
Status
Notes
Image
Ref
Luna 9
USSR
3 February 1966 – 6 February 1966
lander
success
first soft landing; first images from the surface
1966-006A
Cosmos 111
USSR
1 March 1966
orbiter
failure
failed to escape Earth orbit
1966-017A
Luna 10
USSR
3 April 1966 – 30 May 1966
orbiter
success
first artificial satellite of the Moon
1966-027A
Luna 1966A †
USSR
30 April 1966
orbiter?
failure
failed to reach Earth orbit
[10] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Surveyor 1
NASA
2 June 1966
lander
success
first US soft landing; Surveyor program performed various tests in support of forthcoming human landings
1966-045A
Explorer 33
NASA
1 July 1966 – 15 September 1971
orbiter
partial success
studied interplanetary plasma, cosmic rays, magnetic fields and solar X rays; failed to attain lunar orbit as intended, but achieved mission objectives from Earth orbit
1966-058A
Lunar Orbiter 1
NASA
14 August 1966 – 29 October 1966
orbiter
success
photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission
1966-073A
Luna 11
USSR
28 August 1966 – 1 October 1966
orbiter
success
gamma-ray and X-ray-based observations of Moon's composition; gravity, radiation and meteorite studies
1966-078A
Surveyor 2
NASA
23 September 1966
lander
failure
crashed into Moon
1966-084A
Luna 12
USSR
25 October 1966 – 19 January 1967
orbiter
success
lunar surface photography
1966-094A
Lunar Orbiter 2
NASA
10 November 1966 – 11 October 1967
orbiter
success
photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission
1966-100A
Luna 13
USSR
24 December 1966
lander
success
TV pictures of lunar landscape; soil measurements
1966-116A
Lunar Orbiter 3
NASA
8 February 1967 – 9 October 1967
orbiter
success
photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission
1967-008A
Surveyor 3
NASA
20 April 1967 – 4 May 1967
lander
success
various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings. First lander visited by a later crewed mission (Apollo 12 ) that even brought its components back to Earth.
1967-035A
Lunar Orbiter 4
NASA
May–October 1967
orbiter
success
lunar photographic survey
1967-041A
Explorer 35
NASA
July 1967 – 24 June 1973
orbiter
success
studies of interplanetary plasma, magnetic fields, energetic particles and solar X rays
1967-070A
Surveyor 4
NASA
17 July 1967
lander
failure
crashed into Moon
1967-068A
Lunar Orbiter 5
NASA
5 August 1967 – 31 January 1968
orbiter
success
lunar photographic survey; intentionally impacted after completion of mission
1967-075A
Surveyor 5
NASA
11 September 1967 – 17 December 1967
lander
success
various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings
1967-084A
Zond 1967A †
USSR
28 September 1967
failure
lunar capsule test flight; launch failure
[11] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Surveyor 6
NASA
10 November 1967 – 14 December 1967
lander
success
various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings
1967-112A
Zond 1967B †
USSR
22 November 1967
failure
lunar capsule test flight; launch failure
[12] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
1968年–1970年
Spacecraft
Organization
Date
Type
Status
Notes
Image
Ref
Surveyor 7
NASA
10 January 1968 – 21 February 1968
lander
success
various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings; fifth and final Surveyor mission to achieve soft landing
1968-001A
Luna 1968A †
USSR
7 February 1968
orbiter?
failure
failed to reach Earth orbit
[13] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Zond 4
USSR
2 March 1968 (launch)
lunar programme flight test, directed away from Moon, either intentionally or unintentionally
1968-013A
Luna 14
USSR
10 April 1968 – ?
orbiter
success
tests of radio communications technologies; lunar mascon studies
1968-027A
Zond 1968A †
USSR
23 April 1968
flyby?
failure
launch failure
[14] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Zond 5
USSR
18 September 1968
flyby
success
bioscience experiments; returned to soft landing on Earth
1968-076A
Zond 6
USSR
14 November 1968
flyby
success
cosmic-ray, micrometeoroid and bioscience studies; returned to soft landing on Earth
1968-101A
Zond 1969A †
USSR
20 January 1969
flyby
failure
launch aborted
[15] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 1969A †
USSR
19 February 1969
lander
failure
launch vehicle failure
[16] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Lunokhod 201†
rover
failure
Zond L1S-1 †
USSR
21 February 1969
orbiter
failure
launch vehicle failure
[17] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 1969B †
USSR
15 April 1969
sample return?
failure
launch failure
[18] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 1969C †
USSR
14 June 1969
sample return
failure
launch failure
[19] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Zond L1S-2 †
USSR
3 July 1969
orbiter
failure
launch failure
[20] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 15
USSR
21 July 1969
sample return?
failure?
completed 52 lunar orbits then crash-landed
1969-058A
Zond 7
USSR
11 August 1969
flyby
success
returned to soft landing on Earth
1969-067A
Cosmos 300
USSR
23 September 1969
sample return
failure
failed to escape Earth orbit
1969-080A
Cosmos 305
USSR
22 October 1969
sample return
failure
failed to escape Earth orbit
1969-092A
Luna 1970A †
USSR
6 February 1970
sample return?
failure
launch vehicle failure
[21] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 1970B †
USSR
19 February 1970
orbiter?
failure
launch vehicle failure
[22] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 16
USSR
20 September 1970
sample return
success
first robotic sample return
1970-072A
Zond 8
USSR
24 October 1970
flyby
success
returned to soft landing on Earth
1970-088A
Luna 17
USSR
17 November 1970 – 4 October 1971
lander
success
deployed rover
1970-095A
Lunokhod 1
rover
success
first robotic rover; travelled over 10 km
1970-095D
1971年–1976年
Spacecraft
Organization
Date
Type
Status
Notes
Image
Ref
Luna 18
USSR
11 September 1971
lander/sample return?
failure
crashed into Moon
1971-073A
Luna 19
USSR
3 October 1971 – October 1972
orbiter
success
1971-082A
Luna 20
USSR
21 February 1972
sample return
success
second successful robotic sample return
1972-007A
Soyuz L3 †
USSR
23 November 1972
orbiter
failure
launch failure
[23] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 21
USSR
15 January 1973 – May 1973?
lander
success
deployed rover
1973-001A
Lunokhod 2
rover
success
second robotic rover; travelled 37 km
Explorer 49
NASA
15 June 1973 – June 1975
orbiter
success
radio astronomy observations; last US lunar mission until 1994
1973-039A
Mariner 10
NASA
November 1973
flyby
success
en route to Venus and Mercury
1973-085A
Luna 22
USSR
2 June 1974 – November 1974
orbiter
success
1974-037A
Luna 23
USSR
6 November 1974
sample return
failure
damaged on landing, sample return failed
1974-084A
Luna 1975A †
USSR
16 October 1975
sample return
failure
failed to reach Earth orbit
[24] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
Luna 24
USSR
18 August 1976
sample return
success
third and final successful sample return in Luna programme
1976-081A
1983年–1998年
Spacecraft
Organization
Date
Type
Status
Notes
Image
Ref
ICE (formerly ISEE-3)
NASA
22 December 1983
flyby
success
gravity assist en route to comet flybys
1978-079A
Hiten
ISAS
March 1990 – October 1991
flyby (approached 10 times)
success
in Moon-crossing Earth orbit from January 1990, later transferred to lunar orbit after failure of Hagoromo; intentionally impacted on Moon at end of mission; first Japanese probe (and non-USSR/US probe) to enter lunar orbit
1990-007A
February 1992 – April 1993
orbiter
success
Hagoromo
ISAS
March 1990
orbiter
failure
released by Hiten into lunar orbit, but transmitter failed and orbit never confirmed
GEOTAIL
ISAS / NASA
September 1992 – November 1994
flyby (approached 14 times)
success
gravity assist en route magnetotail around L2 / finally deployed into high Earth orbit
[25] (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
WIND
NASA
1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994
flyby
success
gravity assists en route to Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point
1994-071A
Clementine
BMDO / NASA
February – June 1994
orbiter
partial success
lunar and Earth observations and component testing; planned Geographos flyby failed
1994-004A
HGS-1
Hughes Global Services
May/June 1998
Flyby (orbital correction)
errant communications satellite, flew within 6,200 kilometers of Moon during orbit correction manoeuvres
1997-086A
Lunar Prospector
NASA
January 1998 – July 1999
orbiter
success
lunar surface mapping; intentionally impacted into polar crater at end of mission to test for liberation of water vapour (not detected)
1998-001A
Nozomi
ISAS
24 September 1998
flyby
success
gravity assists on planned mission to Mars
1998-041A
18 December 1998
flyby
success
2001年–2009年
2010年–2019年
2020年至今
参见
参考文献
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^ How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer. (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Mahesh Guptan, The Week . 16 November 2019.
^ A Chinese spacecraft is testing out a new orbit around the moon . SpaceNews. 2022-02-15 [2022-02-16 ] .
^ Chang'e-5 orbiter embarks on extended mission to Sun-Earth Lagrange point . SpaceNews. 2020-12-21 [2021-09-08 ] .
^ China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon . SpaceNews. 2021-09-06 [2021-09-08 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-08-30).
^ Figliozzi, Gianine. CAPSTONE Mission Launch No Longer Targeting June 13 . NASA . 8 June 2022 [9 June 2022] . (原始内容存档 于2022-06-09).
^ NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit . NASA (新闻稿). 13 September 2019 [12 October 2021] . (原始内容存档 于2021-11-10).
^ Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand . Rocket Lab . 9 August 2021 [4 September 2021] . (原始内容存档 于2021-08-08).
^ Wall, Mike. NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft aces close moon flyby in crucial engine burn . Space.com. November 21, 2022 [November 22, 2022] . (原始内容存档 于2022-11-21).
^ Wall, Mike. Artemis 1 cubesat fails to fire engine as planned during moon flyby . Space.com. November 23, 2022 [December 13, 2022] . (原始内容存档 于2023-09-24).
^ 存档副本 . [2023-10-04 ] . (原始内容存档 于2023-12-05).
^ Lockheed Martin Space [@LMSpace]. As a @LockheedMartin funded tech demo mission, LunIR’s primary goal was to gain knowledge to support future exploration. While we ran into an unexpected issue with our radio signal and couldn’t snap any pics of the Moon, we DID try something new, and here’s what we learned: (推文). 9 December 2022 [21 December 2022] –通过Twitter .
^ S.Korean Spaceflight [@KOR_Spaceflight]. Danuri(KPLO) launch now scheduled for August 5th 08:08 KST, according to MSIT/KARI. (推文). 28 July 2022 –通过Twitter .
^ Komiya, Kantaro; Roulette, Joey. Japan's ispace assumes failure in bid to make first commercial moon landing . Reuters. 25 April 2023 [2023-10-04 ] . (原始内容存档 于2023-10-20) –通过www.reuters.com.
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^ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin. Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss . CNN. 2024-01-08 [2024-01-09 ] (英语) .
^ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin. Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss . CNN. 2024-01-08 [2024-01-09 ] (英语) .
^ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin. Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss . CNN. 2024-01-08 [2024-01-09 ] (英语) .
^ DRO-A/B卫星发射异常 . 新华网. 2024-03-13 [2024-03-13 ] .
各国探月工程 近月飞行任务 环绕任务 着陆任务 样品返回任务 载人任务 未來計畫 已经取消 参阅
运行中的探测器 (深空任务)
2000年后结束的任务 (按任务中止日期)
2000年代
2001年
2003年
2004年
2005年
2006年
2008年
2009年
2010年代
2010年
2011年
2012年
2013年
2014年
2015年
2016年
2017年
2018年
2019年
2020年代
航天项目一览与年表
航天 综合载人航天
太阳系 探索地心轨道人造卫星 运载系统 运载火箭发射(按火箭类型) 运载火箭发射(按國家或地區) 运载火箭发射(按发射場) 航天机构