改良世界語

改良世界語(英語:Reformed Esperanto),或稱1894世界語, 是一種世界語變體。改良世界語是世界語創造者,柴門霍夫唯一提出的世界語改良方案。雖然柴門霍夫本人並不支持對世界語作出任何大規模的改良,但是出於支持者壓力,尤其是財政支持方面的因素,最後柴門霍夫不得不屈服。

雖然柴門霍夫稱其改革方案是經過世界語六年實踐經驗後作出的系統性改良, 但是最後當時大部分的世界語社羣都拒絕了該方案。因此,柴門霍夫本人之後就一直拒絕任何對世界語作出的改良, 並且稱“浪費了1894年整一年時間”。1907年,塞門霍夫再次強調自己的態度,拒絕授權再印自己當年提出的改革方案。

改良世界語方案中一些主要的變改主要有複數名詞後綴的變化(由 -oj 變爲 -i),廢用變音符號和形容詞與被修飾詞的語法配合。這些改革內容被伊多語於1907年採用, 但是卻被正統世界語社羣否決。在1905年柴門霍夫出版世界語基礎後,世界語就一直保持原本的面貌,甚少有改動。

主要提出改良點

  1. 廢用變音符號, 以及廢用大部分變音符號所代表的發音。
  2. 字母 c 的發音向原先的字母 ŝ 靠攏,字母 z 的發音則向原先的字母 c 靠攏。
  3. 字母 ĝ 及字母 ĵ 分別被字母 g 和字母 j 取代。
  4. 廢用定冠詞 la。
  5. 廢用賓格,句子因此必須依靠語序維持意思清晰。
  6. 名詞的複數由原本的粘着 -j 改爲 屈折 -i。例如 hundoj 變爲 hundi
  7. 形容詞和副詞的結尾皆爲 -e。因此必須依靠單詞的位置判斷詞性。
  8. 分詞由原先的六個縮減爲兩個。
  9. 所有關連詞會採用更加向羅曼語族傾斜的寫法。
  10. 詞根會根據新字母表而有所改動。
  11. 原先並非來自於拉丁語或者羅曼語族語言的單詞, 例如日耳曼語族、斯拉夫語族等,將被羅曼語族藉詞取代。

字母表

改良世界語字母表
序號 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
大寫 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Z
小寫 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v z
國際音標 a b ʃ d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v t͡s

文本比較

來住主禱文節選,其中中文版本來自官話《現代中文譯本》

標準世界語 改良世界語[1] 伊多語 傳統英語 中文(官話《現代中文譯本》)
Patro Nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo, Patro nue, kvu esten in cielo, Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo, Our Father, who art in heaven, 我們在天上的父親
via nomo estu sanktigita. sankte estan tue nomo, tua nomo santigesez; hallowed be thy name; 願人都尊崇你的聖名;
Venu via regno, venan regito tue, tua regno advenez thy kingdom come, 願你在世上掌權;
plenumiĝu via volo, estan volo tue, tua volo facesez thy will be done 願你的旨意行在地上
kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero. kom in cielo, sik anku sur tero. quale en la cielo tale anke sur la tero on earth, as it is in heaven. 如同行在天上
Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ. Pano nue omnedie donan al nu hodiu donez a ni cadie l'omnadia pano Give us this day our daily bread; 我們日用的飲食,今天賜給我們
Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn, e pardonan al nu debi nue, e pardonez a ni nia ofensi and forgive us our debts 饒恕我們的罪
kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj. kom nu anku pardonen al nue debenti; quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti, as we have forgiven our debtors. 如同我們饒恕得罪我們的人
Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton, ne kondukan nu in tento, e ne duktez ni aden la tento, And lead us not into temptation, 不叫我們遇見試探
sed liberigu nin de la malbono. sed liberigan nu de malbono. ma liberigez ni del malajo but deliver us from evil. 拯救我們脫離兇惡
Amen. Amen. Amen. Amen. 阿們

参考资料

  1. ^ Gramatiko页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), L.L. Zamenhof, February 1894, Esperantisto Nº 2 [50], p. 17-21, collected in Pri Reformoj en Esperanto, Coulommiers Imprimerie Paul Brodard 1907.

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