廣島與長崎原子彈(英語:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,日语:日本への原子爆弾投下/にほんへのげんしばくだんとうかNihon e no genshi bakudan tōka*/?)發生在第二次世界大戰末期,美軍在1945年8月6日與8月9日,分別在日本的廣島市和長崎市各投下一枚原子彈,造成數十萬日本平民死亡。這是人类历史第一次以及目前僅有一次在戰爭中使用核武器,並促使日本投降及第二次世界大戰結束。
509混合部隊於1944年12月9日成立,1944年12月17日在猶他州溫多弗空軍基地(Wendover Air Force Base)正式運作,指揮官為保羅·蒂貝茨上校[35]。蒂貝茨上校組織和指揮轟炸大隊,發展核子武器準備使用在德國與日本上。因為該組飛行中隊由轟炸機及運輸機組成,所以該組織被稱為“混合”單位,而不是“轟炸”單位。
蒂貝茨上校也參與新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯羅沙拉摩斯實驗室的曼哈頓計劃,他選擇在溫多弗建立訓練基地,並非堪薩斯州的大本德及愛達荷州的芒廷霍姆,主要因為它的位置相當偏僻[36]。1944年9月10日,一架B-29超級堡壘轟炸機從內布拉斯加州費爾蒙特空軍基地(Fairmont Army Air Base)的504轟炸小組抵達溫多弗的393轟炸中隊。當其部署在馬里亞納群島,在1944年11月上旬。該中隊被直接受到第二空軍管轄,直到509混合部隊成立為止[37]。320部隊運輸機中隊因為其工作為高度機密,所以成為509混合部隊的一部分。509混合部隊需要運輸工具來移動人員及物資,所以成立一個綽號「大黃蜂線」的特殊單位[37][38]。
目標選擇
美國陸軍參謀長喬治·馬歇爾上將,要求阿拉莫斯提名具體的轟炸目標,並由他本人和美國戰爭部長亨利·刘易斯·史汀生來批准。阿拉莫斯於是在1945年4月成立一個目標選定委員會,由他本人主持,成員包括他的副手托馬斯·法雷爾(Thomas Farrell)準將、約翰·A·德里上校、威廉·P·費希爾、喬伊斯·C·貝爾斯登與美國空軍大衛·M·丹尼森和曼哈頓計劃科學家約翰·馮·諾伊曼、羅伯特·威爾遜和威廉·C·彭尼(William Penney)等人組成。目標選定委員會於4月27日集合,並在5月10日於洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室與科學家和技術人員討論。最後目標選定委員會在5月28日於華盛頓舉行,由保羅·蒂貝茨上校以及指揮官弗雷德里克·L·阿什沃思(Frederick Lincoln "Dick" Ashworth)、曼哈頓計劃的科學顧問理查德·C·托爾曼(Richard C. Tolman)進行簡報[39]。
原子彈爆炸的消息在美國獲得熱烈的迴響,《財富》雜誌在1945年底進行的調查顯示美國人希望更多的原子彈可以投擲在日本本土[96]。向大眾公開的轟炸影像(主要是蘑菇雲)最初產生積極的迴響,爆炸以及倖存者或屍體的照片則受到審核。美國戰略轟炸調查團的成員丹尼爾·麥戈文(Daniel A. McGovern)中尉曾使用攝影機來記錄爆炸結果。他完成三個小時的紀錄片《原子彈爆炸對廣島與長崎的影響》,內容包括醫院中受傷的人、被燒毀的建築和汽車及地上的骨頭。它在美國新聞界廣泛流傳,然後悄悄地被压制下來,所以從未公開播放過。它在未來的22年中被列為“最高機密”[97]。美國在這段時間,電影、雜誌和報紙一個共同編輯的方式為去除死亡的影像[98][99]。截至2009年為止,丹尼爾·麥戈文中尉所拍攝的畫面共有90,000英尺(27,000米)沒有完全播放。
^Rezelman, David; F.G. Gosling and Terrence R. Fehner. The atomic bombing of Nagasaki. The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History. U.S. Department of Energy. 2000 [2007-09-18]. (原始内容存档于2007年8月30日).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Bix, Herbert. Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation. Hogan, Michael J. (编). Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-521-56682-7.
Campbell, Richard H. The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 2005. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8. OCLC 58554961.
Craven, Wesley; Cate, James (编). The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 1953 [2012-08-15]. OCLC 256469807. (原始内容存档于2002-03-16).
Dower, John W. Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq. W. W. Norton. 2010. ISBN 0-393-06150-7.
Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark (编). Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age. M. E. Sharpe. 1997. ISBN 978-1-56324-967-9.
Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
Jones, Vincent. Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 1985. OCLC 10913875.
Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia. The 509th Remembered: A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves. Buchanan, Michigan: 509th Press. 2005. ISBN 0-923568-66-2. OCLC 59148135.
Long, Gavin. The Final Campaigns(PDF). Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra, ACT: Australian War Memorial. 1963 [2011-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-25).
Moore, Mike. Troublesome Imagery. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists (Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science). 1995-07, 54 (4): 73–74.
Williams, M. H. Chronology, 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 1960. OCLC 1358166.
Zaloga, Steven J.; Noon, Steve. Defense of Japan 1945. Fortress. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. 2010. ISBN 1-84603-687-9. OCLC 503042143.
延伸阅读
There is an extensive body of literature concerning the bombings, the decision to use the bombs, and the surrender of Japan. The following sources provide a sampling of prominent works on this subject matter.
The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings. Basic Books. 1981. ISBN 0-465-02985-X.
Gosling, Francis George. The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy, History Division. 1994. OCLC 637052193.
Hamai, Shinzo. A-Bomb Mayor: Warnings and Hope from Hiroshima. 2010.
Hogan, Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-521-56206-6.
Merton, Thomas. Original Child Bomb: Points for meditation to be scratched on the walls of a cave. New Directions. 1962. ASIN B0007EVXX2. A look at the universal ramifications of this event.
Murakami, Chikayasu. Hiroshima no shiroi sora (The white sky in Hiroshima). Bungeisha. 2007. ISBN 4-286-03708-8.
Ogura, Toyofumi. Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima. Kodansha International Ltd. 1948. ISBN 4-7700-2776-1.
Warren, Stafford L. Manhattan Project. Ahnfeldt, Arnold Lorentz (编). Radiology in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. 1966. OCLC 630225.
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