巴塔哥巨龍屬

巴塔哥巨龍屬
化石时期:早白堊世阿爾比階101.62 Ma
菲爾德自然史博物館的骨架模型
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha
下目: 蜥腳下目 Sauropoda
演化支 泰坦巨龍類 Titanosauria
演化支 岩盔龙类 Lithostrotia
演化支 巨像龙类 Colossosauria
演化支 隆柯龙类 Lognkosauria
属: 巴塔哥巨龍屬 Patagotitan
Carballido et al., 2017
模式種
馬氏巴塔哥巨龍
Patagotitan mayorum

Carballido et al., 2017

巴塔哥巨龍屬學名Patagotitan)是蜥腳下目泰坦巨龍類恐龍的一個屬,化石發現於阿根廷巴塔哥尼亞丘布特省巴爾西諾山組英语Cerro Barcino Formation。模式種兼唯一種馬氏巴塔哥巨龍Patagotitan mayorum)最早發表於2014年並於2017年由José Carballido、Diego Pol和同僚正式命名。近期的研究估計模式標本(一個年輕的成熟個體)長約37公尺[1]及重約69噸[2],但後來的估計體重為55至57噸。[3]

發現

歷史

股骨

巴塔哥巨龍的部分下股骨遺骸最早於2008年由農場工人Aurelio Hernández在特雷利烏以西約250公里處La Flecha附近的沙漠中發現。挖掘工作由伊吉迪·弗魯格利奧古生物學博物館英语Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio的古生物學家所進行,並由Jose Luis Carballido與Diego Pol主導,侏羅紀基金會英语The Jurassic Foundation所贊助。2013年1月至2015年2月之間對La Flecha化石遺址進行了7次野外考察,共收集到200多件化石,其中包括蜥腳類和獸腳類(以57顆牙齒為代表)。至少發現六個部分骨骼(約130塊骨頭組成),使巴塔哥巨龍成為目前已知最完整的泰坦巨龍類之一。[2]

命名

模式種馬氏巴塔哥巨龍Patagotitan mayorum)由José Luis Carballido、Diego Pol、Alejandro Otero、Ignacio Alejandro Cerda、Leonardo Salgado、Alberto Carlos Garrido、Jahandar Ramezani、Néstor Ruben Cúneo、Javier Marcelo Krause於2017年命名和敘述。屬名由巴塔哥尼亞以及希臘神話的泰坦(象徵巨龍的體型和力量)組成,種名紀念La Flecha農場的擁有者Mayo家族。[2]

脊椎

標本

  • MPEF-PV 3400:正模標本。出土於巴爾西諾山組英语Cerro Barcino Formation,年代為阿爾比階的最晚期,約1億162萬(±1800萬)年前。是一個缺乏頭骨的部分骨骼,包含三節頸椎、六節背椎、六節前段尾椎、三個人字骨、肋骨、成對的胸骨、右肩帶(肩胛鳥喙骨)、成對恥骨、成對股骨。該標本因為保存最為良好並展現最具辨識性的特徵而被選為模式標本。
  • MPEF-PV 3399:六節頸椎、四節背椎、一節前段尾椎、十六節後段尾椎、肋骨、人字形骨、左下臂、成對坐骨、左恥骨、左股骨
  • MPEF-PV 3372:一顆牙齒
  • MPEF-PV 3393:一節後段尾椎
  • MPEF-PV 3395:左肱骨
  • MPEF-PV 3396:左肱骨
  • MPEF-PV 3397:右肱骨
  • MPEF-PV 3375:左股骨
  • MPEF-PV 3394:右股骨
  • MPEF-PV 3391:小腿骨
  • MPEF-PV 3392:小腿骨

[2]

雖然這些標本在同一地區被挖掘出來,牠們並非於同時間死亡。在包覆化石的343公分厚岩層中,三個獨立但水平間隔很接近的岩層代表著三次的掩埋事件,其中亞成年個體因洪水而亡。水並未移動屍體而是將其以砂岩及泥岩覆蓋。[2]這些個體彼此體型相近,體長差距不到5%。可以確定的是所有骨骼都來自同一物種,因此屬於單一物種的屍骨層。[2]

敘述

P. mayorum与人类的体型比较

与其他蜥脚类一样,巴塔哥巨龙是一种四足植食性动物,有着长长的脖子尾巴,以体型庞大而著名。在2014年的新闻报道中,其估计大小为长40公尺,重77噸;[4][1]科普作家莱利·布莱克英语Riley Black(Riley Black)曾在2014年警告说,要以理想的科学确定性进行尺寸估计还为时过早。[5]2017年,馬氏巴塔哥巨龙的物种描述发表,其中估计长度为37公尺,使用比例方程时估计的重量约为69噸,而其在使用三维骨骼模型的容积法时则估计为44.2至77.6噸。[1][2]2019年,格雷戈里·保罗英语Gregory S. Paul(Gregory S. Paul)在2019年估计其长为31公尺,重50至55噸,使它比阿根廷龙更小,而后者的长度估计在39公尺以上,体重在95至125噸之间。[6]使用修正的标度方程进行的质量估计得到了57噸的平均估计值,其误差范围为42.5至71.4噸,与以前用容量法估计的55噸相近。[3]

巴塔哥巨龙的肱骨长1.675公尺,小于其他泰坦巨龙类,如南方巨像龙(1.76公尺)和潮汐龙(1.69公尺)。其股骨长度测量值是2.38公尺,使它成为已知的最长的蜥脚类股骨,虽然保罗估计的阿根廷龙单独股骨(MLP-DP 46-VIII-21-3标本)长2.575公尺,使得它比前者的更大。他还注意到,阿根廷龙的背列长度(4.47公尺)要比巴塔哥巨龙(3.67公尺)更长。[6]

描述巴塔哥巨龙的研究人员在媒体上说:[7]

考虑到这些骨骼的大小超过了之前已知的任何巨型动物,这只新恐龙是已知的地球上最大的动物。

丘布特伊吉迪·弗鲁格利奥博物馆保存的巴塔哥巨龙前肢和肩胛骨

在巴塔哥巨龙发布后,莱利·布莱克和古生物学家马特·韦德尔英语Matt Wedel(Matt Wedel)进一步告诫媒体不要炒作。后者在博客中指出,根据现有的测量数据,巴塔哥巨龙的大小与其他已知的巨型泰坦巨龙类相当,然而,几乎所有可以比较的骨骼尺寸在阿根廷龙身上都要更大。韦德尔还批评了研究人员的质量估计技术。[8][9][10]其他研究估计阿根廷龙的体重为95至126.4噸。[11][12][13][6]

鑑定特征

作者指出了巴塔哥巨龙的九个鑑定特征。前三个后椎骨有一个前横突板,在前关节突和侧突之间有一个脊,且垂直,因为前关节突的位置远高于侧突。对于前两个脊椎,脊从神经棘的侧面前方向下延伸,在下面有一个凸起。下椎弓突英语hyposphene-下椎弓凹英语hypantrum复型的第二关节活动仅限于第三和第四腰椎之间的关节。背椎骨中部和后部有垂直的神经棘。在第一尾椎中,椎体或主椎体前面有一个扁平的关节面,后面有一个凸面。前尾椎具有神经棘,其横向宽度是从前到后测量长度的4到6倍,并显示出一些分叉。上臂骨的后部外侧有一个明显的突起。腿骨下部外侧有一条直边。[2]

分類

2017年,巴塔哥巨龍被歸類至泰坦巨龍類真泰坦巨龍類隆柯龍類,與阿根廷龍互為姊妹群。許多泰坦巨龍類分支各自具有巨大體型,這樣的巨大化演化事件可能發生於南方巨像龍+隆柯龍類演化支的基部,導致體重的三倍增長(最大估計值由20噸成長至60噸)。[2]

真泰坦巨龍類

無畏龍

岩盔龍類

馬拉威龍

包魯巨龍

納摩蓋吐龍

三角區龍

阿拉摩龍

後凹尾龍

薩爾塔龍

內烏肯龍

掠食龍

伊希斯龍

塔普亞龍

林孔龍類

林孔龍

穆耶恩龍

風神龍

奧韋羅龍

博妮塔龍

南方巨像龍

隆柯龍類

門多薩龍

富塔隆柯龍

奎特龍英语Quetecsaurus

普爾塔龍

德魯斯拉龍

阿根廷龍

巴塔哥巨龍

古生態學

黎明的兩隻巴塔哥巨龍生活復原圖

巴塔哥巨龍生存於白堊紀中期(約1億200萬至9500萬年前),當時的環境為森林區域。[4][14][15]沉積系統表明沉積作用在低能狀態下進行,與曲流系統的氾濫平原有關(Carmona et al., 2016)[2]。完全健康的成年巴塔哥巨龍沒有天敵,只有受傷及生病或未成年的個體可能會遭受魁紂龍的捕獵攻擊。

參見

最大的恐龍

延伸閱讀

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Giant dinosaur slims down a bit. BBC News Science & Environment. [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-17). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N.R.; Krause, J.M. A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2017, 284 (1860): 20171219. PMC 5563814可免费查阅. PMID 28794222. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Pérez Moreno, Agustín. The appendicular osteology of Patagotitan mayorum (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2020-09-18 [2020-09-27]. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1793158. (原始内容存档于2020-10-05). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Morgan, James. BBC News - 'Biggest dinosaur ever' discovered. BBC News (Bbc.com). 2014-05-17 [17 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-19). 
  5. ^ Yong, Ed. Biggest Dinosaur Ever? Maybe. Maybe Not. – Phenomena. BMC Biology. 18 May 2014, 10: 60 [11 June 2016]. PMC 3403949可免费查阅. PMID 22781121. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-60. (原始内容存档于2017-11-05). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Paul, Gregory S. Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals (PDF). Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 2019, 85 (4): 335–358 [2020-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-15). 
  7. ^ Morgan, James. 'Biggest dinosaur ever' discovered. BBC News. 2014-05-17 [2019-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-19) (英国英语). 
  8. ^ Switek, Brian. Did Scientists Just Unveil the Biggest Dinosaur of All Time?. Smithsonian. [2019-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-11) (英语). 
  9. ^ Don't believe the hype: Patagotitan was not bigger than Argentinosaurus. Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week. 2017-08-09 [2019-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-14) (英语). 
  10. ^ Some further thoughts on Patagotitan. Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week. 2017-08-10 [2019-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-18) (英语). 
  11. ^ Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Farina, R.A. Giants and bizarres: body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs (PDF). Historical Biology. 2004, 2004 (2–4): 1–13 [2020-09-27]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.1650可免费查阅. doi:10.1080/08912960410001715132. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-19). 
  12. ^ Sellers, W. I.; Margetts, L.; Coria, R. A. B.; Manning, P. L. Carrier, David , 编. March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e78733. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...878733S. PMC 3864407可免费查阅. PMID 24348896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733. 
  13. ^ González Riga, Bernardo J.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Ortiz David, Leonardo D.; Calvo, Jorge O.; Coria, Juan P. A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6: 19165. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619165G. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4725985可免费查阅. PMID 26777391. doi:10.1038/srep19165. 
  14. ^ Gillian Mohney via Good Morning America. Researchers Discover Fossils of Largest Dino Believed to Ever Walk the Earth - ABC News. Abcnews.go.com. 2014-05-17 [17 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  15. ^ Argentine fossil biggest dinosaur ever: scientists. NY Daily News. [17 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-09). 

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FossaFosadhFounded:1970County:KerryColours:Red and BlackGrounds:FossaPlaying kits Standard colours Fossa GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in Fossa, County Kerry, Ireland. The club is concerned with the game of Gaelic football. It is a member of the East Kerry GAA board.[1] History Located four miles west of Killarney, County Kerry, Fossa GAA Club was founded on 11 January 1970.[2] The club leased a field from the nearby Liebherr firm in 1972 and the following ...

 

Korean dish of soybean paste stew Not to be confused with Doenjang-guk. Doenjang-jjigaeAlternative namesSoybean paste stewTypeJjigaePlace of originKoreaAssociated cuisineKorean cuisineMain ingredientsDoenjangFood energy(per 1 serving)160 kcal (670 kJ)[1]  Media: Doenjang-jjigae Korean nameHangul된장찌개Hanja된醬찌개Revised Romanizationdoenjang-jjigaeMcCune–Reischauertoenjang-tchigaeIPA[twen.dʑaŋ.t͈ɕi.ɡɛ] Doenjang-jjigae (Korean: 된장찌개;...

1998 video game This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mario no Photopi – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1998 video gameMario no PhotopiDeveloper(s)Nintendo Co., Ltd., Tokyo Electron, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.[1 ...

 

49th season of FIA Formula One motor racing F1 1995 redirects here. For the video games based on the 1995 Formula One season, see Formula 1 (video game). 1995 FIA Formula OneWorld Championship Drivers' Champion: Michael SchumacherConstructors' Champion: Benetton-Renault Previous 1994 Next 1996 Races by countryRaces by venueSupport series: Porsche Supercup Defending world champion Michael Schumacher (pictured in 1994) won a second consecutive title with Benetton in his last year with the team....

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!