奥陌陌

斥候星
ʻOumuamua
觀測發現2017 U1的亮度會行週期性的大幅度變化,顯示它可能具有細長的外形。
发现[1]
發現者羅伯特·韋里克英语Robert Weryk
泛星1號望遠鏡
發現地夏威夷哈萊亞卡拉天文台英语Haleakala Observatory
發現日期2017年10月18日
編號
其它名稱1I/ʻOumuamua
1I/2017 U1 · A/2017 U1 [2]
C/2017 U1 [1] · P10Ee5V
小行星分類星際天體
雙曲線小行星(JPL
軌道參數[3]
曆元 2017年10月31日(JD 2458057.5)
遠日點(未知)
近日點0.25534 AU
半長軸−1.2799 ± 0.0009 AU
離心率1.19949 ± 0.00019
平均軌道速度26.33 km/s(58,900 mph)
(通過近日點的峰值速度為87.8 km/s)[n 1]
軌道傾角122.6864° ± 0.0066°[n 2]
升交點黃經24.5992° ± 0.0003°
近日點參數241.7015° ± 0.0127°
與地球最小軌道相交距離0.09585 AU
與木星最小軌道相交距離1.45506 AU
物理特徵
大小約 180 ~ 200 m x 30 m x 30 m
(依反照率 0.06 至 0.1 估算得)[4]
自轉週期8.10±0.02 小時[5]
8.10±0.42 小時[6]
反照率0.1 (spectral est.)[7]
0.06–0.08 (spectral est.)[6]
光譜類型()[8]
絕對星等(H)22.08
中国大陸奥陌陌[9]
臺灣斥候星[10][11]
港澳首使星[12]

奥陌陌[n 3]夏威夷语ʻOumuamua,「先探之人」)[13][14][15],原定名 1I/2017 U1[n 4][14],是已知第一颗經過太陽系星際天體。它於2017年10月18日(UT)在距離地球約0.2 AU(30,000,000 km;19,000,000 mi)處被泛星1號望遠鏡發現,並在極端雙曲線的軌道上運行。起初它被認為屬於一顆彗星,但經過長時間觀測研究後,發現其不具有彗髮構造,也不是小行星[16],暫時被歸類為不明飛行物

依據最初二個星期的觀測,2017 U1的軌道離心率是1.1922 ± 0.00268,是在已知在太陽系內天體第二高的[3];目前的纪录是鮑里索夫彗星的约为3;之前的紀錄是C/1980 E1的1.057[17]。以如此高的離心率進入,顯示它必然是一顆星際天體,會不受太陽引力的約束,以高離心率離開太陽系。

也因其特殊的特性,被少數的科學家如以色列裔的美國天體物理學亞伯拉罕·勒布認為其真實身分為外星飛船。

觀測

這可能是星際天體的第一個例子,相對於太陽以每秒26公里的雙曲線過剩速度出現在天琴座 [n 5]。這個方向接近太陽向點,是太陽系外天體最有可能出現的方位[4]。如果天體測量沒有嚴重的問題,唯一可能的軌道就是明確的雙曲線[1]

假設它的反照率是10%,有可能是顆直徑約160米的岩石[4]。4.2米的威廉·赫歇爾望遠鏡在10月25日觀察了它的光譜,呈現出紅色,像是古柏帶的天體[8]

回推它的軌道,計算出這顆小行星在2017年9月9日通過了近日點,並在2017年10月14日以0.16 AU(24,000,000 km;15,000,000 mi)的距離掠過地球[18]。這顆天體微小且黯淡,光度始終在視星等在21等之下[19]。通過近日點後,朝飛馬座方向離去。

噴射推進實驗室的計算機顯示,該天體在100年前距離太陽大約為558天文單位(830億公里)。

在2017年10月26日,從卡特林那巡天系統在10月14日和10月17的資料中找到兩次的回溯發現 [19]

在距離太陽200 天文單位的入港速度
天體 年度 速度
km/s
C/1980 E1 (Bowell) 1765 2.98
C/2010 X1 (Elenin) 1798 2.96
C/2012 S1 (ISON) 1801 2.99
A/2017 U1 1982 26.3

性質

在2017年10月25日,甚大望遠鏡(VLT)以非常深刻的疊加影像發現該天體沒有任何顯示有彗髮的跡象。因此,該天體被重新命名為A/2017 U1,成為第一顆從彗星永遠轉命名為小行星的天體[2]

缺乏彗髮顯示,它可能起源於某顆恆星的凍結線外側的天體,或是在該恆星系統外的區域足夠長的時間,所有接近表面的物質都凍結成冰了。

據多個望遠鏡對奥陌陌的軌道測量,發現它受到來自太陽、行星與氣體和塵埃釋出導致的作用力,因此屬於彗星成分。[20][21]

也有天體物理學家如亞伯拉罕·勒布相信,奥陌陌是利用光帆推进的外星飞船[22]

小行星A/2017 U1可能來自太陽系之外。
Tony Dunn
orbitsimulator.com
點一下啟動動畫:彗星C/2017 U1可能的雙曲線軌道。
Tony Dunn
orbitsimulator.com

註解

  1. ^ 彗星C/2012 S1 (ISON)通過近日點的峰值速度為 377 km/s页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),因為它的近日點距離為0.0124AU,比C/2017 U1近了20倍。
  2. ^ 相對於太陽系的黃道面,這個數值大於90度,表示它與太陽系天體的運行方向相反,它的軌道面與行星的軌道平面傾斜了約60度。
  3. ^ 陸譯「奥陌陌」,臺譯「斥候星」,港譯「首使星」;臺語諧音暱稱「烏嘛嘛」。
  4. ^ 1I/2017 U1 为其学術編號,“1I”中的字母I代表了星际彗星,1則是指此类天体中的第一个。
  5. ^ 相較之下,彗星C/1980 E1只在500天文單位的距離上以4.2Km/s的速度移動。

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 MPEC 2017-U181: COMET C/2017 U1 (PANSTARRS). Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. 2017-10-25 [2017-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-25).  (CK17U010)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 MPEC 2017-U183: A/2017 U1. Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. 2017-10-25 [2017-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-26).  (AK17U010)
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Pseudo-MPEC for A/2017 U1. Bill Gray of Project Pluto. 2017-10-26 [2017-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-26). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Astronomers Spot First-Known Interstellar Comet. Sky & Telescope. [2017-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-26). 
  5. ^ Bolin, Bryce T.; Weaver, Harold A.; Fernandez, Yanga R.; Lisse, Carey M.; Huppenkothen, Daniela; Jones, R. Lynne; Juric, Mario; Moeyens, Joachim; Schambeau, Charles A.; Slater, Colin T.; Ivezic, Zeljko; Connolly, Andrew J. APO Time Resolved Color Photometry of Highly-Elongated Interstellar Object 1I/ʻOumuamua. 2017. arXiv:1711.04927可免费查阅 [astro-ph.EP]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Bannister, Michele T.; Schwamb, Megan E. Col-OSSOS: Colors of the Interstellar Planetesimal 1I/2017 U1 in Context with the Solar System. 2017. arXiv:1711.06214可免费查阅 [astro-ph.EP]. 
  7. ^ Jewitt, David; Luu, Jane; Rajagopal, Jayadev; Kotulla, Ralf; Ridgway, Susan; Liu, Wilson; Augusteijn, Thomas. Interstellar Interloper 1I/2017 U1: Observations from the NOT and WIYN Telescopes. 2017. arXiv:1711.05687可免费查阅 [astro-ph.EP]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Astronomer Alan Fitzsimmons w/ 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope. [2017-10-28]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-27). 
  9. ^ 苟利军. 全国科技名词委天文学名词审定委员会公布“奥陌陌”为第一个太阳系外天体 “Oumuamua”的中文名称. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会. 2017-11-24 [2017-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-09) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  10. ^ 每日一天文圖中文站: 斥候星(ʻOumuamua): 來自星際空間的小行星. 成功大學物理學系. 2017-11-22 [2018-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-27) (中文(臺灣)). 
  11. ^ 2018-03-26 斥候小行星ʻOumuamua可能來自雙星系統. 臺北市立天文科學教育館之網路天文館. 2018-03-26 (中文(臺灣)). [失效連結]
  12. ^ 香港天文學會智能手機應用程式《香港天文》2017年11月21日新聞報導
  13. ^ 楊舒晴. 天外飛來一根紅色雪茄?人類首度觀測到「星際訪客」,它來自織女星!. 風傳媒. 2017年11月22日 [2017-11-22]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-22). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 2017-11-08 瓶中信──誰人寄來的小行星 1I/2017 U1 (ʻOumuamua) - 網路天文館页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),臺北市立天文科學教育館
  15. ^ 歐柏昇. 真.星際過客:首次發現太陽系外的星際天體「黑麻麻」ʻOumuamua!. PanSci 泛科學. 2018-02-22 [2018-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-04) (中文(臺灣)). 
  16. ^ Rafikov, Roman R. Spin Evolution and Cometary Interpretation of the Interstellar Minor Object 1I/2017 'Oumuamua. arXiv. 2018-09-17 [2018-10-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-11). 
  17. ^ JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: e > 1. JPL Small-Body Database. [2017-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-09). 
  18. ^ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/2017 U1 (PANSTARRS). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. [2017-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-25). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 MPEC 2017-U185: A/2017 U1. Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. 2017-10-26 [2017-10-26]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-27). 
  20. ^ 星际天体 'Oumuamua 是一颗彗星. www.solidot.org. [2018-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-23). 
  21. ^ An Alien Visitor Turns Out to Be a Comet. [2018-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-22) (英语). 
  22. ^ Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain 'Oumuamua's Peculiar Acceleration?. 2018-10-26 [2019-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-29) (英语). 

參見

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