唐璜 (理查德·施特劳斯)

《唐璜》（Don Juan），作品20，是理查德·施特劳斯的交响诗作品，完成於1888年。

概說

創作背景

此作的樂思取自名為《唐璜終局》（Don Juans Ende）的劇作，該劇作則是詩人尼古拉斯·雷瑙根據文艺复兴時期的西班牙民間故事所撰的[註 1][1]。雷瑙筆下的唐璜風流成性，為了「理想對象」，甚至不惜一死[1]。音樂學者卡爾·達爾豪斯（德语：Carl Dahlhaus）指出，施特勞斯《唐璜》捕捉了這種「世紀末」的現代主義精神，從第一個小節起便令人印象深刻[2] 。

首演

作品於1889年11月11日在魏玛首演，彼時施特勞斯是魏玛的宮廷樂長（德语：Kapellmeister），並且親自指揮了這場演出[3][4]。《唐璜》使施特勞斯名聲大漲，揚名於當代樂界[3]。

出版

1890年，作品的總譜及鋼琴四手聯彈的改編譜由莱比锡的約瑟夫·艾布爾付梓出版。

分析

通常的演奏時間約為18分[1]。

配器

依照工具書《管弦樂作品手冊》指示，上述之配器可簡記為"*3 *3 2 *3—4 3 3 1—tmp+3—hp—str"[5]。

說明

\relative c' { \tempo 2=84 \clef treble \time 2/2 \partial 2*1 g2(\f^"Don Juan theme" | g'1~ | g4 f) e d8-- f-- | e4 r d2~ | d4 e( d4. a8 | g1~ | g4) }

《唐璜》可說是尼古拉斯·雷瑙作品的音樂仿作[1]，必須指出的是，與其看作是具體的情節摹寫，音樂中所試圖營造的毋寧說是特定的情感與氛圍（大膽、浪漫等）[6]。

初始，生氣篷發的銅管聲部主題當即立威，與之相對的則是浪漫的獨奏小提琴，雙簧管的旋律則意味著唐璜與戀人的相會。此時，不和諧的圓號闖入，象徵角色的自我中心，施特勞斯以繽紛的配器調配了各主題的特性與特色。作品以一悲歌式的結尾作為結束，充分寫出了「唐璜」故事的悲劇色彩。

評價

《唐璜》是施特勞斯生涯早期的巨大成功，音樂學者布萊恩·吉列姆（Bryan Gilliam）與查爾斯·尤曼斯（Charles Youmans）評價《唐璜》：「傑出的配器，醒目的主題，宏然的結構，緊湊的敘事步調」，並且「極其寫實、幽默，卻又出言不遜」[3]。科西玛·瓦格纳（一般而言是施特勞斯音樂的支持者）則有不同意見，她指出，《唐璜》缺乏精神性與形上意義[3]。在格罗夫音乐辞典方面，認為施特勞斯「雖受瓦格纳與李斯特啟發，卻沒有對他們的思想全盤照收。玩世不恭的唐（以及施特勞斯自己）只是睥睨著這個世界。」[3]

另外，由於其演奏要求甚高，現時《唐璜》的各樂器選段已成為世界範圍內的職業樂團團員選考標準[7]。

商業錄音

施特勞斯本人在生前經常指揮《唐璜》演出[註 2]，此外在他於1917年錄製的錄音作品中，也有《唐璜》的參與[4]。

註釋

  1. ^ 後人發現，施特勞斯將雷瑙作品的三個不同段落複印在自己的總譜手稿上。
  2. ^ 註：1947年，施特勞斯與英國廣播公司交響樂團巡迴演出，曲目也包括《唐璜》。這是他生前最後一次指揮《唐璜》演出[3]。

參考資料

參照
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Heninger, Barbara. Program notes for Redwood Symphony. [2014-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-19）. 
  2. ^ Carl Dahlhaus, Nineteenth-Century Music, translated by J. Bradford Robinson (California Studies in 19th-Century Music 5) (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1989): 331, 334. ISBN 978-0-520-07644-0.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 * Gilliam, Bryan; Youmans, Charles. Grove Music Online. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40117.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助) 需付费查阅
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Betsy Schwarm. Don Juan, Op. 20, TONE POEM BY STRAUSS. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-07）. 
  5. ^ Daniels, David. ORCHESTRAL MUSIC: A Handbook. 3rd ed. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc. 1996: 393. ISBN 0-8108-3228-3. 
  6. ^ Burkholder, J. Peter; Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V. A History of Western Music. 9th ed. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Co. 2014: 738. ISBN 978-0-393-91829-8. 
  7. ^ Andrew Clements. Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra; Don Juan; Till Eulenspiegel review – a showcase for CBSO's superb playing. The Guardian. 2014-05-29 [2020-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-22）. 

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