三维投影

三维投影是将三维空间中的点映射到二维平面上的方法。由于目前绝大多数图形数据的显示方式仍是二维的,因此三维投影的应用相当广泛,尤其是在计算机图形学,工程学和工程制图中。

分类

  • 三维图形平面投影
    • 平行投影:投影中心与投影平面的距离是无限的,投影线相互平行
      • 正投影(正交投影):投影线垂直于投影平面
        • 多视图投影:物体的坐标面与投影面平行,正视图、侧视图、俯视图
        • 轴测投影:物体的三个坐标面或坐标轴与投影面均不平行
          • 正等轴测投影(正等测):投影时三个坐标轴等比例缩放,投影面坐标轴夹角120°
          • 正二轴测投影(正二测):投影时两个坐标轴等比例缩放,第三个坐标轴缩放比例不同
          • 正三轴测投影(正三测):投影时三个坐标轴缩放比例均不相等
      • 斜投影:投影线不垂直于投影平面
        • 斜等轴测投影(斜等测)
        • 斜二轴测投影(斜二测)
        • 斜三轴测投影(斜三测)
    • 透视投影:投影中心与投影平面的距离是有限的
      • 一点透视
      • 两点透视
      • 三点透视


平行投影

平行投影是投影线相互平行的投影。若投影线垂直于投影面则称正投影,若投影面倾斜于投影面则称斜投影。

正交投影

正交投影是一系列用于显示三维物体的轮廓、细节或精确测量结果的变换方法。通常又称作截面图、鸟瞰图或立面图。

当视平面的法向(即摄像机的朝向)平行于笛卡尔坐标系三根坐标轴中的一根,数学变换定义如下: 若使用一个平行于y轴(侧视图)的正交投影将三维点, , 投影到二维平面上得到二维点, ,可以使用如下公式

其中向量s是一个任意的缩放因子,而c是一个任意的偏移量。这些常量可自由选择,通常用于将视口调整到一个合适的位置。该投影变换同样可以使用矩阵表示(为清晰起见引入临时向量d


虽然正交投影产生的图像在一定程度上反映了物体的三维特性,但此类投影图像和实际观测到的并不相同。特别是对于相同长度的平行线段,无论离虚拟观察者(摄像机)远近与否,它们都会在正交投影中显示为相同长度。这会导致较近的线段看起来被缩短了。

斜投影

斜投影不像正交投影一样投影线垂直于投影面,而是投影线与投影面成非90度的斜角。

透视投影

透视投影的定义更为复杂。可以将其理解为透过摄像机取景器对于被投影物体进行观察。摄像机的位置、朝向和视野都将影响投影变换的结果。我们定义以下变量来对这一变换进行描述:

  • :将被投影的三维空间中的点。
  • :摄像机的位置。
  • :摄像机的旋转角度。当 =<0,0,0>且 =<0,0,0>, 三维向量<1,2,0>将被投影到二维向量<1,2>。
  • :观测者相对显示平面的位置。[1]

最终结果为:

  • 所产生的二维投影。

首先我们定义点作为点向摄像机坐标系所作的变换,其中摄像机坐标系由摄像机的位置和旋转所决定。该过程为:先用减去,然后使用由产生的旋转矩阵乘上该结果。该变换通常称为摄像机变换(注意该计算过程假设使用左手法则): [2] [3]

[4]

或者使用以下这种非矩阵表示的形式,其中角度的正负号与矩阵表示形式不同:

然后将变换后的该点通过以下方程投影到二维平面(此处投影平面为x/y平面,有时也使用x/z):[5]

或在齐次坐标系下可以表示为:

观测者到显示平面的距离,,直接关系到视野的大小。为可视角度。(这里假设屏幕的两角为(-1,-1)和(1,1))

如果要在一些特定的显示设备上显示该二维平面,之后还要进行一些必要的剪裁和缩放操作。

图示

计算三维空间中位于Ax,Az的点在屏幕坐标x轴的位置:

对于y轴同样有:

(其中Ax和Ay是透视转换前物体在空间中的坐标)

参看

参考文献

  1. ^ Ingrid Carlbom, Joseph Paciorek, Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations, ACM Computing Surveys, 1978, 10 (4): 465–502, doi:10.1145/356744.356750 .
  2. ^ Riley, K F. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 931,942. ISBN 0521679710. doi:10.2277/0521679710. 
  3. ^ Goldstein, Herbert. Classical Mechanics 2nd Edn.. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. 1980: 146–148. ISBN 0201029189. 
  4. ^ Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis in 3 Dimensions页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Glenn Murray 2013-6-6 [2014-4-23]
  5. ^ Sonka, M; Hlavac, V; Boyle, R, Image Processing, Analysis & Machine Vision 2nd Edn., Chapman and Hall: 14, 1995, ISBN 0412455706 

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