麻痺性貝毒

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麻痺性貝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxin, PSP)是公認的四種貝毒症候群之一，它們有一些共同的特徵，主要與雙殼軟體動物（如貽貝、蛤蜊、牡蠣和扇貝）有關。這些貝類是滤食性动物，會累積神經毒素，主要是由甲藻、矽藻和藍藻等微小藻類產生的石房蛤毒素 （Saxitoxin ，STX）。[1] 亚历山大藻属雙鞭毛藻是數量最多、分佈最廣的石房蛤毒素產生者，是亞北極、溫帶和熱帶地區產生麻痺性貝毒藻華的罪魁禍首[2]。 大多數有毒藻華都是由形態種链状亚历山大藻（英语：Alexandrium catenella）（Alexandrium catenella）、塔玛亚历山大藻（英语：Alexandrium tamarense）（Alexandrium tamarense）、Gonyaulax catenella和亞歷山大藻（Alexandrium fundyense）引起的[3]， 它們共同組成了亞歷山大藻種群。[4] 在亞洲，麻痺性貝毒主要與 Pyrodinium bahamense 物種的出現有關。[5]

有些河豚，包括膨脹單孔魨，也含有石房蛤毒素，因此食用會造成傷害。[6]

麻痺性貝毒在許多種不同的貝毒中毒事件屬最嚴重，因其強烈毒性，經常造成消費者的中毒死亡事件，同時發生案例的廣佈性與高發性，各國在水產品檢驗項目中莫不對麻痺性貝毒特別重視。

麻痺性貝毒與藍藻

真核雙鞭毛藻和原核藍藻（通常稱為藍綠藻）會產生麻痺性貝毒毒素（其中最常見的是石房蛤毒素）。在淡水海洋生態系中，藍綠藻產生的石房蛤毒素對持久性有機污染物毒素的累積貢獻最大。在藍綠藻中，藻毒素的生物合成過程非常明確，而在甲藻中，藻毒素的生物合成過程大多還不清楚。放射性同位素追蹤實驗研究了藍藻甲殼素的生物合成過程，結果顯示這種合成過程非常複雜，涉及許多步驟、酵素和化學反應。起始試劑 L-精胺酸經過幾個化學反應（其中一個罕見的化學反應稱為克莱森酯缩合反应），經過四個中間產物，最終形成石房蛤毒素。[7]

澳洲淡水貽貝 Alathyria condola 極易累積神經毒素。每100克貽貝在與環狀藍藻（Anabaena circinalis）接觸2到3天后，可能會含有80微克以上的神經毒素，這一含量足以對人類健康造成重大威脅。[8]

野生海洋哺乳動物體內的麻痺性貝毒

在阿拉斯加，海獺的主要獵物之一大石房蛤（Saxidomus gigantea）作為一種化學防禦機制會生物累積石房蛤毒素，因此麻痺性貝毒被認為可能是導致海獺死亡和發病的原因之一[9]。此外，攝取含有石房蛤毒素的鯖魚也與座頭鯨的死亡有關。[10]

在地中海，地中海僧海豹（Monachus monachus）[11]被懷疑死於麻痺性貝毒的其他案例也受到質疑， 因為缺乏額外的檢測來排除其他致死原因。[12]。

歷史

關於麻痺性貝毒中毒事件，在十七世紀時的北美與歐洲已有類似事件的記載[13]，但是當時對病因仍不清楚，直到1928年Meyer等人在報告中對麻痺性貝毒中毒的症狀加以描述[14]，並推測毒素的來源可能來自於渦鞭毛藻；隨後又由餵食毒藻的貽貝實驗中得到上述假說的証實[15]，而麻痺性貝毒一系列毒素的化學結構也在1957年由石房蛤(Saxidomus giganteus)中所分離出的石房蛤毒素Saxitoxin(STX)首次確認[16]，其分子式為 C10H17N7O4。

內部連結

參考文獻

  1. ^ Clark, RF; Williams, SR; Nordt, SP; Manoguerra, AS. A review of selected seafood poisonings (PDF). Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine. 1999, 26 (3): 175–84. PMID 10485519. 原始内容存档于June 17, 2012. 
  2. ^ Taylor, F. J. R.; Fukuyo, Y.; Larsen, J.; Hallegraeff, G. M. Taxonomy of harmful dinoflagellates. Hallegraeff, G.M.; Anderson, D.M.; Cembella, A.D. (编). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO. 2003: 389–432. ISBN 92-3-103948-2. 
  3. ^ Cembella, A. D. Ecophysiology and Metabolism of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Microalgae. Anderson, D. M.; Cembella, A. D.; Hallegraeff, G. M. (编). Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms. NATO ASI. Berlin: Springer. 1998: 381–403. ISBN 978-3-662-03584-9. 
  4. ^ Balech, Enrique. The genus Alexandrium or Gonyaulax of the Tamarensis Group. Anderson, Donald M.; White, Alan W.; Baden, Daniel G. (编). Toxic Dinoflagellates. New York: Elsevier. 1985: 33–8. ISBN 978-0-444-01030-8. 
  5. ^ Azanza, Rhodora V.; Max Taylor, F. J. R. Are Pyrodinium Blooms in the Southeast Asian Region Recurring and Spreading? A View at the End of the Millennium. Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment. 2001, 30 (6): 356–64. PMID 11757284. S2CID 20837132. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-30.6.356. 
  6. ^ Ngy, Laymithuna; Tada, Kenji; Yu, Chun-Fai; Takatani, Tomohiro; Arakawa, Osamu. Occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in Cambodian Mekong pufferfish Tetraodon turgidus: Selective toxin accumulation in the skin. Toxicon. 2008, 51 (2): 280–8. PMID 17996918. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.002. hdl:10069/22351 可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Tsuchiya, Shigeki; Cho, Yuko; Konoki, Keiichi; Nagasawa, Kazuo; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari. Biosynthetic route towards saxitoxin and shunt pathway. Scientific Reports. 2016-02-04, 6 (1): 20340. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620340T. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4740887 可免费查阅. PMID 26842222. S2CID 2697610. doi:10.1038/srep20340 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  8. ^ Negri, Andrew P.; Jones, Gary J. Bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis by the freshwater mussel Alathyria condola. Toxicon. 1995-05-01, 33 (5): 667–678. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 7660371. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(94)00180-G （英语）. 
  9. ^ DeGange, Anthony R.; Vacca, M. Michele. Sea Otter Mortality at Kodiak Island, Alaska, during Summer 1987. Journal of Mammalogy. November 1989, 70 (4): 836–8. JSTOR 1381723. doi:10.2307/1381723. 
  10. ^ Geraci, Joseph R.; Anderson, Donald M.; Timperi, Ralph J.; St. Aubin, David J.; Early, Gregory A.; Prescott, John H.; Mayo, Charles A. Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Fatally Poisoned by Dinoflagellate Toxin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1989, 46 (11): 1895–8. doi:10.1139/f89-238. 
  11. ^ Hernández, Mauro; Robinson, Ian; Aguilar, Alex; González, Luis Mariano; López-Jurado, Luis Felipe; Reyero, María Isabel; Cacho, Emiliano; Franco, José; López-Rodas, Victoria; Costas, Eduardo. Did algal toxins cause monk seal mortality?. Nature. 1998, 393 (6680): 28–9. Bibcode:1998Natur.393...28H. PMID 9590687. S2CID 4425648. doi:10.1038/29906. hdl:10261/58748 可免费查阅. 
  12. ^ Van Dolah, Frances M. Effects of Harmful Agal Blooms. Reynolds, John E. (编). Marine Mammal Research: Conservation Beyond Crisis. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 85–101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8255-5. 
  13. ^ Kao, 1993; Prakach et al. 1971)
  14. ^ Meyer et al, 1928
  15. ^ Sommer and Mayer, 1937
  16. ^ Schantz, et al., 1957

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