須德海

52°50′N 5°20′E / 52.833°N 5.333°E / 52.833; 5.333

1658年繪製的荷蘭地圖,圖片內中上方灰色區塊即為須德海淺灘

須德海荷蘭語Zuiderzee荷兰语:[ˌzœydərˈzeː] ,意为“南海”)是荷兰西北部的一个浅水湾,面积约 5,000 km2(1,900 sq mi),向内陆延伸约100公里,宽约50公里,平均水深4-5米,海岸线总长约为300公里[1]。在荷兰语中, Zuiderzee意为“南方的海”。最早是指荷蘭弗里斯兰省北部的一片水域,与外海北海相連。这片水域是13世纪时由海水冲进内地,同原有湖沼汇合而成的。1932年荷蘭政府建成长29公里,宽90米,高出海平面7米的堤坝阿夫鲁戴克大堤(Afsluitdijk),上有公路,下有水闸,把須德海分开為咸水的瓦登海與淡水的艾瑟爾湖兩部份[2]。同时,这一工程也把一片面积约为1,500 km2(580 sq mi)的水域变成了陆地。这片陆地目前是弗莱福兰省的一部分,约有人口400,000(2011年数据)。

历史与灾难

1573年荷兰大败西班牙的须德海战.

这片水域的历史最早可以追溯到被罗马帝国统治者所称的Flevo湖。那时,Flevo湖比今天的须德海要小得多,与北海的连接处也非常狭窄。不过,也许称之为由许多湖泊、湿地以及狭窄水道构成的湖群更为准确。该水域的一部分后来称为Vlie,很可能是因它通过现在位于弗利兰德岛和泰尔斯海灵岛之间名为Vliestroom通道流入大海而得名。在中世纪早期,由于海平面上升和降水的影响,湖水开始侵蚀泥质的湖水岸。尤其在1282年的一场洪灾之后,Vliestroom的宽度大大扩大了[3]。也正因此,波罗的海上的商船可以驶入这里,给在该海湾西南端的阿姆斯特丹的崛起带来了机遇。

而1287年12月14日,一场更大的圣卢西亚洪水袭击了荷兰和德国北部地区,当时的海堤在暴风雨中破损,造成约50,000至80,000人丧生。这是有气象记录以来的第五大洪水。圣卢西亚洪水冲走了最后的沙质、冰碛土质屏障,此后,今日的须德海出现,并快速扩张。同时,“ Zuiderzee”这个名字开始普遍使用。

从15世纪开始,由于堤防的改善,内陆海域的大小基本上保持稳定,但是当风暴将北海水注入进水口时,须德海的海水淤塞,经常导致洪水泛滥和船只损失。譬如在1421年11月18日,当时堤防的防波堤破裂,淹没了72个村庄,造成约10,000人丧生,史称第二次圣伊丽莎白洪水。

在1810年至1813年间,荷兰是法兰西第一帝国的一部分。1811年成立的地方行政机构将须德海(Zuiderzee)命名为Zuyderzée,其管辖范围大致相当于现在的北荷兰省乌得勒支省

1928年,阿姆斯特丹夏季奥运会的6米和8米帆船比赛在须德海举行[4]

地理和发展

须德海的卫星图片
须德海工程地图

在须德海附近,有许多渔村逐渐发展起来,其中的阿姆斯特丹霍伦恩克赫伊曾则变成了以贸易为主的城市。这些城镇最初与波罗的海,英格兰和汉萨同盟的港口进行贸易,但后来在荷兰帝国时期也拓宽了与世界其他地区的贸易。当荷兰帝国衰弱后,利润丰厚的殖民贸易体系也随之衰败,大多数城镇都重拾捕鱼业,其中也有些转而发展工业,而在20世纪以来,旅游业逐渐成为主要收入来源。

在须德海中有五座小岛,这些小岛曾经是较大的:Wieringen,Urk,Schokland,Pampus和Marken。这些岛屿的居民也主要以捕鱼和相关产业为生。除Pampus外,所有这些岛屿现在都与陆地相连。

20世纪初的須德海工程阿夫鲁戴克大堤)的建成驯服了须德海的洪水。该水坝的最初是为应对1916年洪水而建造的[2]。不过,这一计划可以追溯到三十多年前制定的,但彼时尚未通过荷兰国议会的审批。随着1932年大堤的竣工,须德海也成为了艾瑟尔湖[5],大面积的土地可被回收用于农业和住房[6]

參見

参考资料

  1. ^ visitholland.nl. visitholland.nl. [2020-04-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-27). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Hakkenes, Emiel. Polderkoorts. Hoe de Zuiderzee verdween [Polder Fever. How the Zuyderzee disappeared]. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Thomas Rap. 2017. 
  3. ^ Buisman, Jan. Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen. Franeker, the Netherlands: Van Wijnen. 1995 [2020-03-31]. ISBN 978-9-05194-075-6. (原始内容存档于2021-02-09) (荷兰语). 
  4. ^ 1928 Summer Olympics official report.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) pp. 271-2, 274.
  5. ^ Authentic villages around IJsselmeer. [2020-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-19). 
  6. ^ USGS Earthshots: IJsselmeer. [2020-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-18). 

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