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语言均一化
语言均一化（英语：dialect leveling；西班牙语：nivelación lingüística），指某地区某语系的各种方言间变得相似或均一的过程，通常由某种方言被明显的淘汰而促成[來源請求]，从而使该地区各语言间更容易理解并更整齐划一。
基本概念
从一方面看，在这过程中，可能导致理解上问题的不同语言表达形式得到简化，其变体也减少。这变化是渐进的，在其彻底完成之前，社会环境各变体共存。
从另一方面看，均一化同时还指具体单词的语法形态变化，旨在使各种形态趋于规则[1]。
具体案例
1561年确认马德里为西班牙首都后，全国各地的移民涌入（主要来自北部），并且均有其方言。马德里人和来自南部的移民在清齿擦音和浊齿擦音间产生分歧，而来自北部（巴斯克以及加利西亚地区）的移民已弃用浊咝音。这两种发音使语言變得均一。从音韵学角度出发，这两种发音难以分辨而且只有少部分人使用，过程完成后，三个浊咝音弃用[2]。
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清音
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浊音
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| 硬齶擦音
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[ʃ]caxa
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[ʒ]muger
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| 齿龈擦音
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[s]passo
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[z]casa
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| 齿擦音
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[ θ ]caça
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[ð]dezir
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參考文獻
- Anderson, Bridget. 2002. Dialect leveling and /ai/ monophthongization among African American Detroiters. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(1). 86-98.
- Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: H. Holt and Company.
- Britain, David. 1997. Dialect Contact and Phonological Reallocation: "Canadian Raising" in the English Fens. Language in Society 26(1). 15-46.
- Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Cheshire, Jenny; Ann Gillett; Paul Kerswill and Ann Williams. 1999. The role of adolescents in dialect levelling: Final report submitted to the Economic and Social Research Council.[3]
- Fitzmaurice, Susan M. 2000. The Great Leveler: The Role of the Spoken Media in Stylistic Shift From the Colloquial to the Conventional. American Speech 75(1). 54-68.
- Gibson, Maik. Dialect Levelling in Tunisian Arabic: Towards a New Spoken Standard. Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic, Aleya Rouchdy. Routledge, 2003.
- Hinskens, Frans. 1998. Dialect Levelling: A Two-dimensional Process. Folia Linguistica 32 (1-2). 35-52.
- Hinskens, Frans. (ed.) 1996. Dialect levelling in Limburg: Structural and sociolinguistic aspects. Linguistische Arbeiten.
- Hsu, Hui-ju and John Kwock-ping Tse. The Tonal Leveling of Taiwan Mandarin: A Study in Taipei. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 35, no. 2 (2009): 225-244.
- Kerswill, Paul. 2001. Mobility, meritocracy and dialect levelling: the fading (and phasing) out of Received Pronunciation. "British studies in the new millennium: the challenge of the grassroots". University of Tartu, Tartu.[4]
- Kristensen, Kjeld and Mats Thelander. 1984. On dialect levelling in Denmark and Sweden. Folia Linguistica 28(1/2). 223-246.
- Lefebvre, C. 1998. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian creole. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Lefebvre, Claire. 2004. The relexification account of creole genesis: The case of Haitian Creole. Issues in the Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages, Lefebvre, Claire (ed.) Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins. pp. 59-180[5]
- Miller, Michael I. 1987. Three Changing Verbs: Bite, Ride and Shrink. Journal of English Linguistics 20(1). 3-12.
- Schøning, Signe Wedel and Inge Lise Pedersen. 2009. Vinderup in Real Time: A Showcase of Dialect Levelling. ed. by Dufresne, Monique, Fernande Dupuis and Etleva Vocaj. 233-244.
- Siegel, J. 1985. Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14/3, 357-78.
- Siegel, Jeff. 1997. Mixing, Levelling and pidgin/creole development. In A. Spears and D. Winford (eds.), The structure and status of pidgins and creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 111-49.
- Trudgill, Peter, Elizabeth Gordon, Gillian Lewis and Margaret MacLagan. 2000. Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 36 (2). 299-318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Twaddell, William. F. 1959. Standard German: Urbanization and Standard Language: A Symposium Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association. Anthropological Linguistics 1(3). 1-7.
- Wrong, Margaret. 1942. Ibo Dialects and the Development of a Common Language. Journal of the Royal African Society 41(163). 139-141.
註釋
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